Opening a Security Council debate on how to protect civilians caught up in urban conflict,the UN Secretary-General on Tuesday said that more than 50 million people are currently impacted by fighting inside towns and cities.
In fact, António Guterres added, when explosive weapons are used in populated areas, around 90 per cent of those killed and injured, play no part in
instigating the violence.
“Civilians can suffer devastating harm both in the immediate aftermath, and in the long-term”, the UN chief explained.
According to him, many victims face lifelong disabilities and grave psychological trauma. Water, electricity and
sanitation infrastructure are often damaged, and healthcare services are severely disrupted.Cases highlighted
The Secretary-General chief then mentioned some examples.
Pointing to scores of schools and healthcare facilities damaged during fighting between Israel and Hamas militants in
Gaza last year, he remembered that nearly 800,000 people were left without access to piped water.
In Afghanistan, an explosive attack outside a Kabul high school last May, killed 90 students, mainly girls, and left
another 240 people injured.
“Beyond the immediate pain and suffering, the indirect effects of damage to schools range from disruption to education,
to increased likelihood of early marriage and recruitment into armed groups”, Mr. Guterres said.
According to a 2020 study conducted in Yemen, the use of heavy explosive weapons in populated areas disrupted every
resource and system in the country.
“From Afghanistan to Libya, Syria, Yemen and beyond, the risk of harm to civilians, rises when combatants move among
them and put military facilities and equipment near civilian infrastructure”, the UN chief said.Other impacts
The consequences of this type of conflict go far beyond its more immediate impact, putting people at risk of sieges and
blockades, which have had a horrific impact on civilians in growing urban areas, up to and including starvation.
“Urban warfare forces millions of people from their homes, contributing to record numbers of refugees and internally
displaced people”, Mr. Guterres explained.
Four years after the destruction of 80 per cent of housing in Mosul, Iraq, for example, an estimated 300,000 people are
still displaced.
Warfare in cities also creates millions of tons of debris that poses risks to both the environment and to people’s
health. And unexploded ordnance makes it too dangerous for people to return home.
On top of that, mass destruction of buildings sets development back by decades, undermining progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals.Measures
Mr. Guterres told Council Members that “the frightening human cost of waging war in cities is not inevitable; it is a
choice.”
He then shared some measures that could help prevent and mitigate its impact.
First, regarding international humanitarian law, he noted that recent years have seen increasing concern over compliance
with these laws.
He stated that “accountability for serious violations is essential” and argued that Member States must demonstrate the
political will to investigate and prosecute alleged war crimes to the maximum extent.
“We owe that to the victims and their loved ones – and it is also crucial to serve as a powerful deterrent”, he
explained.Options and better practices
Second, the Secretary-General explained, parties to conflict have options when waging war.
“They should adapt their choice of weapons and tactics when they wage war in cities, recognizing that they cannot fight
in populated areas the way they would in open battlefields”, Mr. Guterres said, urging Member States to commit
themselves to avoiding the use of wide-area explosive weapons in populated areas.
Third, and lastly, Mr. Guterres made the case for better policies and practices, including more systematic tracking
ofalleged incidents in cities and towns.
The UN chief believes this type of analysis can inform a more responsible approach to arms sales, and help clarify the
fate of missing people, inform ways to minimize civilian harm, and ensure accountability, recovery and reconciliation.Red Cross call for action
The President of the International Committee of the Red Cross, one of the main organizations on the frontline of the
humanitarian response to urban warfare, also addressed the council.
Peter Maurer presented the Council Members with four calls for action, to improve compliance with international
humanitarian law; adopt and implement measures to protect essential services; intensify efforts to mitigate hunger and
food insecurity and prevent famine; and prevent internal displacement and enhance protection for internally displaced
people.
Noting that “wars are changing at a fast pace”, Mr. Maurer argued that the international community is “struggling to
keep up our efforts to prevent and respond to their humanitarian impacts.”
“This is experienced most severely by people trapped in urban warfare. We can and must do more, for the sake of
generations present and future”, he told ambassadors in the Council chamber.