16 December 2005 - Wellington
High Court decision offers better future for endangered giant land snail
The High Court has today determined that the state coalminer, Solid Energy, must apply to both the Ministers of
Conservation and Energy for permission to clear and mine the only remaining habitat of the endangered giant land snail
Powelliphanta 'Augustus' on the Stockton Plateau, north east of Westport.
"This is an important decision that represents a reprieve for one of New Zealand's most ancient native species", said
Forest and Bird Conservation Manager Kevin Hackwell.
"Forest and Bird welcomes the court's decision because it should also benefit other threatened wildlife and habitats in
future".
"Now it will be the Ministers, rather than the coalminer, that will decide the future of this endangered snail," he
said. "The Ministers can decide not to sacrifice the giant land snails' only remaining habitat for the sake of supplying
coal to overseas steel manufacturers. Even if the Ministers agree to the mining, they will be able to impose strict
conditions which will ensure that P. 'Augustus' will not face extinction."
Forest and Bird sought the High Court declaration after the Government and Solid Energy took the position that approval
under the Wildlife Act is not required to move some giant land snails and their habitat by mechanical diggers, or to
kill the absolutely protected snails by open caste mining their last remaining habitat.
Both the Government and Solid Energy had agreed that approval is required to move some giant land snails by hand.
"It seemed crazy that the Government and Solid Energy could interpret the law as requiring permission to move giant land
snails by hand, but permission was not need to move them by digger or to kill them by opencast mining their only
remaining habitat", said Kevin Hackwell.
The High Court's has found that the position taken by the Government and Solid Energy was incorrect. The court has
declared that section 71 of the Wildlife Act means that both the Ministers of Conservation and Energy must give consent
- with whatever conditions they consider necessary for the welfare of the giant land snails - before Solid Energy can
modify or mine the snails' habitat.
"This is a victory for conservation", Kevin Hackwell said. "Forest and Bird is pleased that the law has been clarified
and is confident that the decision should lead to a more positive future for the continued survival of this unique New
Zealand species of giant land snail."
Notes:
All species of Powelliphanta land snails are absolutely protected under the Wildlife Act.
The giant snails belong to the oldest family of carnivorous land snails on earth, having originated about 200 million
years ago.
Long isolation, a rugged, dissected topography, a wide range of climatic conditions and the absence of mammalian
predators has given rise to a fantastic radiation in the land snail fauna of New Zealand. In addition to about 1500
species of pinhead-sized, mostly vegetarian snails, giant carnivorous snails have evolved here.
Both Paryphanta and Powelliphanta are endemic to New Zealand, with the genus Paryphanta represented by a single species
found north of Auckland, and the large genus Powelliphanta (at least 21 species and 51 subspecies) occurring from East
Cape to Fiordland.
Powelliphanta landsnails have fascinated people since they were first discovered. For most people, the beauty of their
shining, colourful shells is the main attraction (and, until collecting the shells was made illegal in 1982, it was
nearly a fatal attraction for the snails). Though the shell patterns vary greatly between species, most are delicately
marked with numerous, variable bands in a myriad of shades of red, brown, yellow and black. The shell is usually very
glossy. Some species are impressively large, such as the fist-sized, golden-shelled, P. superba prouseorum, which weighs
as much as a tui.
With their large size and many forms, Powelliphanta snails represent the pinnacle of evolution of this distinctively
Gondwanian land snail family. 'Powelliphanta snails are an evolutionary acme in snail carnivory and are just as
significant as the equivalent bizarre peak of ornithological development that is the kiwi' (Climo 1986).
Because of the wide divergence of Powelliphanta from other Gondwanian land snails, it is thought that the ancestors of
Powelliphanta were on the proto 'New Zealand' land mass at the breakup of Gondwanaland, 80 million years ago - along
with ancestral tuatara, kiwi and moa.
Today, Powelliphanta are found in both the North and South Islands. The greatest diversity of species is in the
mountains of North West Nelson. Despite the wide geographic spread of Powelliphanta, many New Zealanders have never seen
a Powelliphanta snail as most species occupy relatively small, discrete areas.
See: Recovery plans for Powelliphanta land snails, 2003-2013
www.doc.govt.nz/Publications/004~Science-and-Research/ Biodiversity-Recovery-Unit/PDF/TSRP49.pdf - Supplemental Result -
ENDS