Military junta arrests peaceful protesters of coup d’état, blocks Facebook
(BANGKOK, February 5, 2021)—Myanmar authorities should protect basic freedoms and immediately rescind police orders to
arrest and use force against protesters, said Fortify Rights today. Following the military coup on February 1, the
Mandalay District Police Commander’s Office issued an internal memorandum on February 3 instructing police to use
riot-control weapons to shoot protesters of the military coup.
Since February 1, the military has arbitrarily detained scores of pro-democracy activists, protesters, and political
opponents and blocked access to Facebook.
“The military’s drastic efforts to throttle any opposition to its putsch are fast returning the country to its darkest
days of dictatorship,” said Ismail Wolff, Regional Director of Fortify Rights. “The rights to freedom of peaceful assembly, information, and expression are fundamental and particularly critical in
the current climate.”
The police memorandum, obtained by Fortify Rights and bearing the Mandalay District police commander’s office's official
seal and the signature of the police captain, instructs police officers to "fire" at protesters of the military coup
“with a 12-gauge anti-riot shotgun if the protester is just one person” and “with a 38-mm anti-riot gun if the
protesters are in a crowd” (unofficial translation). Anti-riot weapons typically use non-lethal ammunition, such as
rubber bullets.
The memo also instructs police to arrest protesters “on-site without needing to ask for approval” and to arrest doctors
and nurses “if they protest outside the premises of a hospital” (unofficial translation).
Fortify Rights independently confirmed the authenticity of the memo.
The military detained more than 140 people since Monday, according to the Assistance Association for Political
Prisoners.
Most recently, on February 4, police arrested at least five protesters in Mandalay after they staged a public
demonstration against the coup. Around 20 anti-coup protesters in Mandalay waved banners and chanted pro-democracy
slogans, including “Release our arrested leaders now!” The Myanmar police force broke up the protest and reportedly
arrested five participants, including Mandalay University student Oakkar Min, Yadanabon University student Min Nyi Nyi
Kun as well as activists Ye Win Htun, Pyae Sone Aung, and Saw Oakkar Oo.
The police detained the five men at Chan Aye Thar-Zan Township Police Station 8 in Mandalay for allegedly violating
Section 4 of the Peaceful Assembly and Peaceful Procession Law (Peaceful Assembly Law), which requires assembly
organizers to inform the authorities 48 hours in advance of an assembly.
The military junta also issued two directives this week ordering internet service providers and telecommunications
companies to block Facebook and the use of virtual private networks (VPN), which protects user data and enables access
to blocked websites.
On February 3, the Ministry of Transport and Communication ordered all telecommunications companies and internet service
providers to “ban Facebook” to stop “the saboteurs” from “instigating and spreading fake news that can damage the
interests of people” and “cause instability” and “misunderstanding among the public.” The directive invokes Section 77
of the Telecommunications Law and instructs providers to block the social media platform until midnight on February 7,
2021. Later the same day, the Ministry of Transportation and Communication ordered the blocking of all VPN servers,
which could be used to circumvent the ban on Facebook.
On February 4, state-owned telecommunications companies Mytel and Myanmar Posts and Telecommunications (MPT), as well as
Ooredoo—a subsidiary of the Qatari Ooredoo Group—enforced the order. The Norwegian-based company Telenor Myanmar said in
a statement that the company “decided to comply with the directive” while “expressing grave concerns regarding [the] breach of
human rights.”
As of January 2021, Myanmar has more than 28 million Facebook users and is the country's most used social media
platform. Following the coup, Facebook users throughout Myanmar used the platform to express their resistance to the
military takeover and share information.
On February 1, the day of the coup, the Myanmar military cut internet and mobile-communication signals for several hours
in various parts of the country, including in Naypyidaw, Yangon, Mandalay, and elsewhere. On February 3, mobile-internet
services reportedly resumed in areas of Rakhine and Chin states, where the government had suspended service since June 2019.
In the lead up to the coup, the military alleged widespread voter fraud in the 2020 elections. The National League for
Democracy party, led by Aung San Suu Kyi, won those elections in a landslide. On February 1, as part of the coup, the
military detained President Win Myint, State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi, and dozens of other government leaders, parliamentarians, and
activists.
On February 3, the military charged Aung San Suu Kyi under the Export and Import Law for allegedly importing and using
walkie-talkies for her security detail. The military also charged Win Myint under the Natural Disaster Management Law
for allegedly breaking COVID-19 restrictions on gatherings. Aung San Suu Kyi and Win Myint face maximum sentences of up
to three years’ imprisonment and/or a fine if convicted.
The right to liberty, as guaranteed under Article 3 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and Article 9 of
the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), includes protection from arbitrary arrests and
detentions. Arrests and detentions are considered arbitrary when individuals are arrested or detained for exercising
rights protected by international human rights law.
Article 19 of the UDHR and ICCPR also protects the right to freedom of expression, including the right to “receive and
impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.” Recognizing the internet as a “key means”
for individuals to exercise this right, the U.N. Special Rapporteur on freedom of opinion and expression held that
States have a positive obligation to adopt “effective and concrete policies and strategies . . . to make the Internet
widely available, accessible and affordable to all.”
Furthermore, in a 2016 resolution on the promotion, protection, and enjoyment of human rights on the internet, the U.N.
Human Rights Council condemned “unequivocally measures to intentionally prevent or disrupt access to or dissemination of
information online” and called “on all States to refrain from and cease such measures.”
Telecommunications companies also have a responsibility under the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and
Human Rights, which calls on companies to “[a]void causing or contributing to adverse human rights impacts through their
own activities, and address such impacts when they occur” and “[s]eek to prevent or mitigate adverse human rights
impacts that are directly linked to their operations, products or services by their business relationships, even if they
have not contributed to those impacts.”
Article 20(1) of the UDHR and Article 21 of the ICCPR protects the right to freedom of peaceful assembly, which requires
States to facilitate peaceful assemblies. Restrictions may only be imposed when the restriction is provided by law and
is proportional and necessary to accomplish a legitimate aim. Criminal penalties imposed for engaging in activities
protected by international law, including exercising the right to peaceful assembly, are considered disproportionate and
in contravention of international law.
International law also provides that law enforcement officials should only use force when strictly necessary and in ways
that are lawful and proportionate to address a threat to a legitimate interest. For example, the United Nations Basic
Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials require law enforcement officials to apply
non-violent enforcement measures first. When the use of force is unavoidable, the authorities must “exercise restraint
in such use and act in proportion to the seriousness of the offence and the legitimate objective to be achieved.” These
principles apply even in actions to disperse unlawful peaceful assemblies, during which officers should use force as a
measure of last resort and “restrict such force to the minimum extent necessary.”
The police memo seen by Fortify Rights makes no space for the protection of the right to peaceful assembly. Instead, it
directs police to shoot rubber bullets and restrict protesters by virtue of their status as protesters.
“The situation is getting more severe daily,” said Ismail Wolff. “Governments should urgently use their collective and bilateral power to prevent bloodshed in Myanmar and ensure the
restoration of the elected government.”