Spain’s procedures to determine the age of unaccompanied migrant children violated their fundamental human rights, the Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC) has found.
The Committee, composed of 18 independent experts, has adopted 14 decisions against Spain on the issue of age
determination of unaccompanied migrant children since 2019. The experts found various violations of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, in particular, the right to identity, the right to be heard, and the right to special protection of children deprived
of their family environment.
In one of the latest cases reviewed in September this year, 17-year old Guinean teenager M.B. arrived in Almería, a city
in southeast Spain, in June 2017 after the small boat in which he was travelling was intercepted by the Red Cross. M.B.
told Red Cross staff and the Spanish police that he was under 18. However, police officers registered him as an adult
aged 21 without doing any age assessment.
The Spanish authorities rejected M.B’s application for asylum and he was detained in a holding centre for foreign adult
nationals in Madrid. NGO Fundación Raíces managed to obtain his birth certificate from Guinea, proving that he was under
18, and sent the document to various Spanish authorities. He was eventually released after 52 days at the centre, but he
was not recognized as a minor, he was not assigned a guardian to look after his legal interest and he was not offered
the protection to which children are entitled under both national and international law.
In another case, Algerian teenage A.L. was arrested by Spanish police when he was attempting to reach the coast of
Almeria illegally in a small boat in April 2017. Although he was unaccompanied and had no documents on him, A.L informed
the police that he was 17.
He was taken to a hospital where an X-ray test was performed on his left hand to determine his age. The results of the
test showed that A.L.’s bone age was over 19 years, two years older than his real age. Based on the X-ray result, the
Public Prosecution Service issued a decree stating that A.L was an adult. He was then sent to a holding centre reserved
for foreign adults and was beaten with a stick by one of the centre guards. With the help from Fundación Raíces, A.L.
submitted his birth certificate to Almería Court of Investigation to prove that he was under 18. However, he never
received a reply from the court and thus he brought his case to the Committee.
In all of the 14 cases received by the Committee, Spain failed to conduct a proper age assessment. For example, the
commonly performed wrist X-ray has a margin of error of four years, according to a journal published by the United
Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in 2019. According to UNHCR, some 2,500 children arrived in Spain in the first
nine months of 2019, many of them unaccompanied.
The CRC highlights that establishing the age of an individual who says that they are under 18 is of fundamental
importance, as the outcome will determine whether they will be entitled to protection as a child.
“Due process of the procedure to determine a person’s age, including representation as well as the possibility to appeal
the outcome are extremely important,” said Luis Pedernera, Chairperson of the Committee. “While that process is under
way, the person must be presumed and treated as a child,” he added.
The Committee stressed that identity documents, once available, should be considered as valid unless there is proof to
the contrary, as recognised by Spain’s own Supreme Court. It also called on Spain to take the best interests of the
child as a primary consideration throughout the age determination process.
Decisions by the Committee are now available online.