West Africa ‘shaken by unprecedented violence’, UN envoy tells Security Council
16 December 2019
The UN envoy for West Africa and the vast Sahel region, told the Security Council on Monday that in recent months, the region has been “shaken by unprecedented violence”.
An “horrific attack against the Inates military camp, in Niger, still haunts the region”, he asserted, adding that
“relentless attacks on civilian and military targets have shaken public confidence”.
International forces in the region have also endured significant losses.
While acknowledging the nexus between terrorism, organized crime and intercommunal violence, Mohamed Ibn Chambas, Special Representative and Head of the UN Office for West Africa and the Sahel (UNOWAS) argued the importance of distinguishing each as a driver of violence.
Extremist violence
Concerning violent extremism, he noted that the strategy and objectives of armed groups in the region are “in the public
domain”, and cited Al Qaeda militants as using local dynamics to spread extremism.
Factors driving local conflicts
• Governance deficit, particularly poor management of natural resources.
• Inequalities and marginalization.
• Corruption.
• Governments’ failure of to deliver on security and justice.
In areas under their control, extremists provide safety, protection and social services, further exploiting State
weaknesses.
And some of the most violent local conflicts in the region concern the seasonal movement of livestock by pastoralists,
or transhumance, where extremist groups have managed to establish footholds.
While the situation differs greatly from one country – or region – to the next, man-made factors, such as flooding an
area with weapons, combined with a harsh natural environment, expanding deserts and climate change, magnify the tensions
related to transhumance.
Against the backdrop that close to 70 per cent of West Africans are dependent upon agriculture and livestock-rearing,
Mr. Chambas stressed that finding ways to ensure peaceful coexistence between herders and farmers is “imperative”.
Other forms of communal violence are triggered by the nature of the fight against terrorism itself.
In some cases, there aren’t enough security personnel to provide adequate geographical coverage, leading to local
defense forces who are “subcontracted” to do the job, or vigilantes – its own double-edged sword.
The UN envoy maintained that UNOWAS has been advocating for improved legal frameworks and longer-term approaches to help
overstretched governments cope.
‘Multi-dimensional’ violence
This year, religious violence has been exceptionally brutal, particularly in Burkina Faso, which has experienced
unprecedented anti-Christian attacks and similar patterns of targeted religious violence in Niger.
“Ideologically-motivated violence can feed on conflicts tearing apart communities over land or water disputes”, said the
UNOWAS chief.
He flagged that responses and frameworks addressing multi-dimensional violence are anchored in building partnerships and
implementing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
“Recipes against violent extremism are being put in place in many West African countries, with the common denominators
of political will, courageous local actors and the involvement of women and young people”, Mr. Chambas said.
And some grassroot initiatives, such as inter-faith coalitions in Nigeria, have curtailed recruitments by Boko Haram
while grassroot reconciliation initiatives are being evaluated across the region for bilateral assistance at the country
level.
Curbing the financial and supply corridors used by armed groups, and the links with illegal trade, requires
international cooperation – UNOWAS chief
Decisive role
The Security Council can play a decisive role in accompanying these efforts, according to Mr. Chambas.
He reminded the Chamber that, in addition to donor and technical support, assistance on security-related and law
enforcement matters remains vital.
“Curbing the financial and supply corridors used by armed groups, and the links with illegal trade, requires
international cooperation; targeted sanctions and other measures recommended by Panels of Experts, are relevant for
leverage”, concluded the UN Special Representative.
ends