IPCC PRESS RELEASE
31 March 2014
IPCC Report: A changing climate creates pervasive risks but opportunities exist for effective responses
Responses will face challenges with high warming of the climate
YOKOHAMA, Japan, 31 March – The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) issued a report today that says the
effects of climate change are already occurring on all continents and across the oceans. The world, in many cases, is
ill-prepared for risks from a changing climate. The report also concludes that there are opportunities to respond to
such risks, though the risks will be difficult to manage with high levels of warming.
The report, titled Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability, from Working Group II of the IPCC, details the impacts of climate change to date, the future risks from a changing
climate, and the opportunities for effective action to reduce risks. A total of 309 coordinating lead authors, lead
authors, and review editors, drawn from 70 countries, were selected to produce the report. They enlisted the help of 436
contributing authors, and a total of 1,729 expert and government reviewers.
The report concludes that responding to climate change involves making choices about risks in a changing world. The
nature of the risks of climate change is increasingly clear, though climate change will also continue to produce
surprises. The report identifies vulnerable people, industries, and ecosystems around the world. It finds that risk from
a changing climate comes from vulnerability (lack of preparedness) and exposure (people or assets in harm’s way)
overlapping with hazards (triggering climate events or trends). Each of these three components can be a target for smart
actions to decrease risk.
“We live in an era of man-made climate change,” said Vicente Barros, Co-Chair of Working Group II.
“In many cases, we are not prepared for the climate-related risks that we already face. Investments in better
preparation can pay dividends both for the present and for the future."
Adaptation to reduce the risks from a changing climate is now starting to occur, but with a stronger focus on reacting
to past events than on preparing for a changing future, according to Chris Field, Co-Chair of Working Group II.
“Climate-change adaptation is not an exotic agenda that has never been tried. Governments, firms, and communities around
the world are building experience with adaptation,” Field said. “This experience forms a starting point for bolder, more
ambitious adaptations that will be important as climate and society continue to change."
Future risks from a changing climate depend strongly on the amount of future climate change.
Increasing magnitudes of warming increase the likelihood of severe and pervasive impacts that may be surprising or
irreversible.
“With high levels of warming that result from continued growth in greenhouse gas emissions, risks will be challenging to
manage, and even serious, sustained investments in adaptation will face limits,” said Field.
Observed impacts of climate change have already affected agriculture, human health, ecosystems on land and in the
oceans, water supplies, and some people’s livelihoods. The striking feature of observed impacts is that they are
occurring from the tropics to the poles, from small islands to large continents, and from the wealthiest countries to
the poorest.
“The report concludes that people, societies, and ecosystems are vulnerable around the world, but with different
vulnerability in different places. Climate change often interacts with other stresses to increase risk,” Field said.
Adaptation can play a key role in decreasing these risks, Barros noted. “Part of the reason adaptation is so important
is that the world faces a host of risks from climate change already baked into the climate system, due to past emissions
and existing infrastructure,” said Barros.
Field added: “Understanding that climate change is a challenge in managing risk opens a wide range of opportunities for
integrating adaptation with economic and social development and with initiatives to limit future warming. We definitely
face challenges, but understanding those challenges and tackling them creatively can make climate-change adaptation an
important way to help build a more vibrant world in the near-term and beyond."
Rajendra Pachauri, Chair of the IPCC, said: “The Working Group II report is another important step forward in our
understanding of how to reduce and manage the risks of climate change. Along with the reports from Working Group I and
Working Group III, it provides a conceptual map of not only the essential features of the climate challenge but the
options for solutions."
The Working Group I report was released in September 2013, and the Working Group III report will be released in April
2014. The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report cycle concludes with the publication of its Synthesis Report in October 2014.
“None of this would be possible without the dedication of the Co-Chairs of Working Group II and the hundreds of
scientists and experts who volunteered their time to produce this report, as well as the more than 1,700 expert
reviewers worldwide who contributed their invaluable oversight,” Pachauri said. “The IPCC’s reports are some of the most
ambitious scientific undertakings in human history, and I am humbled by and grateful for the contributions of everyone
who make them possible."
The Working Group II contribution to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (WGII AR5) is available at www.ipcc-wg2.gov/AR5 and www.ipcc.ch.
Notes for editors
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is the international body for assessing the science related to climate
change. It was set up in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme to
provide policymakers with regular assessments of the scientific basis of climate change, its impacts and future risks,
and options for adaptation and mitigation.
Working Group II, which assesses impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability, is co-chaired by Vicente Barros of the
University of Buenos Aires, Argentina, and Chris Field of the Carnegie Institution for Science, USA. The Technical
Support Unit of Working Group II is hosted by the Carnegie Institution for Science and funded by the government of the
United States of America.
At the 28th Session of the IPCC held in April 2008, the members of the IPCC decided to prepare a Fifth Assessment Report
(AR5). A Scoping Meeting was convened in July 2009 to develop the scope and outline of the AR5. The resulting outlines
for the three Working Group contributions to the AR5 were approved at the 31st Session of the IPCC in October 2009.
A total of 309 coordinating lead authors, lead authors, and review editors, representing 70 countries, were selected to
produce the Working Group II report. They enlisted the help of 436 contributing authors, and a total of 1729 expert and
government reviewers provided comments on drafts of the report. For the Fifth Assessment Report as a whole, a total of
837 coordinating lead authors, lead authors, and review editors participated.
The Working Group II report consists of two volumes. The first contains a Summary for Policymakers, Technical Summary,
and 20 chapters assessing risks by sector and opportunities for response. The sectors include freshwater resources,
terrestrial and ocean ecosystems, coasts, food, urban and rural areas, energy and industry, human health and security,
and livelihoods and poverty.
A second volume of 10 chapters assesses risks and opportunities for response by region. These regions include Africa,
Europe, Asia, Australasia, North America, Central and South America, Polar Regions, Small Islands, and the Ocean.