Ill-Treatment Persists in Moroccan, Spanish Border Operations Despite Rabat’s Reforms
February 10, 2014
Moroccan security forces commonly beat, otherwise abuse, and sometimes steal from sub-Saharan migrants in the
northeastern part of the country, Human Rights Watch said in a report released today. These abuses persist despite some
improvements in the treatment of migrants since the government announced a new migration and asylum policy in September
2013. Since that time, the practice of summarily expelling migrants at the border with Algeria appears to have stopped.
The 79-page report, “Abused and Expelled: Ill-Treatment of Sub-Saharan African Migrants in Morocco,” found that these abuses occurred as the security forces took custody of sub-Saharan migrants who had tried
unsuccessfully to reach the Spanish enclave of Melilla, or – prior to September 2013 – as they were rounding up migrants
without any semblance of due process to expel them to Algeria. However, research in late January and early February 2014 in Oujda, Nador, and Rabat indicates that Moroccan security
forces are still using violence against migrants expelled from Melilla.
“Morocco should make clear to its security forces that migrants have rights,” said Bill Frelick, refugee program director at Human Rights Watch. “Morocco needs to call a halt to beatings and other abuse of
migrants.”
Spanish security forces also use excessive force when they summarily expel migrants from Melilla, Human Rights Watch
found. Spain should stop all summary returns to Morocco at the Melilla border, and suspend forcible returns to Morocco of migrants
reaching Melilla until Morocco demonstrates that they are no longer at risk of beatings and other abuses upon their
return and that their rights are protected.
Morocco’s new migration and asylum policy is based on recommendations by the National Human Rights Council (CNDH) and
endorsed by King Mohammed VI. The reforms include granting legal residency to migrants whom the United Nations High
Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) has determined to be refugees. Once processed by the newly reactivated National Office
for Refugees and Stateless Persons, the refugees obtain resident cards that give them the right to work and receive
certain social services.
Morocco has also put into place an “exceptional” regularization procedure through 2014 to allow undocumented migrants
who meet certain criteria to apply for a one-year renewable residency. It is unclear how many of the 25,000 sub-Saharan
migrants estimated to be in Morocco will meet the criteria. A brief informal survey indicated that few of those living
in makeshift camps in Nador and Oujda would qualify.
The government told Human Rights Watch that it is also drafting new laws on asylum, human trafficking, and migration.
The Human Rights Watch report is based on interviews with 67 sub-Saharan migrants in and around the cities of Oujda and
Nador in November and December 2012. Human Rights Watch also interviewed officials, international agencies, and
nongovernmental organizations and included in the report the government’s responses to written questions. In January and
February 2014 Human Rights Watch interviewed an additional 14 migrants in Nador, Oujda, and Rabat.
Sub-Saharan African migrants leave their countries because of poverty; family and social problems; political upheaval
and civil conflict; and, in some cases, fear of persecution. Many in northeast Morocco aim to reach Europe. Many of the
migrants interviewed for this report lived in makeshift shelters outside of larger cities, surviving on meager
resources, and in constant fear of police raids.
In December 2011, according to reports by nongovernmental organizations, Moroccan authorities stepped up the practice of
raiding unofficial migrant camps in forested areas outside of Oujda and Nador. Gendarmes and Moroccan Auxiliary Forces destroyed migrants’ shelters and sometimes stole their valuables during these raids,
migrants told Human Rights Watch. The security forces arrested male migrants, bused them to the Algerian border, and
ordered them to keep walking, bypassing the administrative and judicial due process requirements for deportations under
international and national law.
“Nicolas,” 39, from Cameroon, described being shoved toward Algeria as security forces yelled “Yallah! [Let’s go!].”
“They treated me really badly, they kicked me so much that I am peeing blood as a result,” he said. Names of migrants
interviewed were changed for their protection.
Interviews Human Rights Watch conducted in northeast Morocco in January 2014 with migrants and nongovernmental
organizations working locally said that the summary expulsions to the border with Algeria had ceased and that police
raids on migrants living in and around Oujda had eased since October 2013. However, police are still conducting raids in
the Nador area. Migrants described raids that occurred as recently as January 29, 2014, when police destroyed makeshift
migrant encampments and arrested and beat people trying to reach Melilla. Authorities rounding up migrants in Nador in
recent months bused them to Rabat and other coastal cities, rather than to the Algerian border, as previously, migrants
and nongovernmental groups told Human Rights Watch.
In relation to the expulsions documented in the report, the Moroccan government told Human Rights Watch that it did not
expel people but rather carried out lawful “returns to the border.” However, the Moroccan-Algerian border remains
formally closed, and migrants told Human Rights Watch that Moroccan security officers took them to isolated locations
and used force or the threat of force to coerce them to walk toward Algeria.
Expelled migrants who encountered Algerian security forces faced additional abuses. Migrants said that some Algerian
border authorities forced them back into Morocco, sometimes violently, after robbing them of their valuables.
Each expelled migrant interviewed who had managed to return to Oujda or Nador described expulsions that ignored basic
due process requirements.
Article 23 of Morocco’s immigration law provides for the right to request a lawyer or an interpreter prior to expulsion.
Article 22 of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their
Families, to which Morocco is a party, provides for an expulsion decision in writing and the opportunity to challenge
that decision.
While noting positive features of Morocco’s new migration policy, Human Rights Watch remains concerned by new reports of
police violence against migrants near the border with Melilla. The Moroccan government should ensure, as part of its
reforms, that the security forces refrain from using excessive force toward migrants and respect the due process rights
of every migrant they take into custody.
The Spanish government should stop summarily returning migrants who enter Melilla to Morocco. Spanish law requires
security and border forces to follow deportation procedures in removing migrants who enter Spain illegally. These
returns also violate international and European Union (EU) law, which prohibit countries from forcibly returning anyone
to a place where they would face a real risk of being subjected to inhuman and degrading treatment. Spanish authorities
should also ensure diligent investigations of allegations of excessive use of force by its own forces and exert pressure
on Morocco to end the use of unwarranted force against migrants.
Human Rights Watch examined the treatment of migrants in Morocco in relation to the EU’s avowed goal of controlling its
borders through the help of third countries neighboring the EU. Morocco and the EU have embraced a joint policy of
preventing undocumented migration toward the EU, through financial cooperation, for example. Human Rights Watch urged
the EU to ensure that it does not provide support for any programs or Moroccan forces that violate the rights of
migrants as guaranteed by international human rights law.
“Morocco has apparently stopped dumping migrants at the Algerian border, but that’s not enough,” Frelick said. “Morocco
needs firm procedures to make sure that the migrants’ due process rights are respected and to allow them to apply for
asylum.”
ENDS