The Asian Legal Resource Center (ALRC) recalls the "Updated Set of principles for the protection and promotion of human
rights through action to combat impunity"[1] and urges the Human Rights Council to strengthen its capacity to address
impunity. The impunity enjoyed by the majority of perpetrators of human rights violations in the Asian region is a clear
indicator of the necessity for concerted action by the Council.
The situation in Nepal is illustrative of many of the challenges faced in post-conflict contexts. The problem of
impunity in Asia is not restricted to post-conflict or post-dictatorship situations, but blights the majority of States
in the region, including those that have an ostensibly democratic governmental system. Action taken by the Council
concerning impunity must, as a minimum, be effective in addressing violations in conflict and post-conflict affected
societies, but must also be capable of addressing the root causes and institutional failings that enable systems of
impunity.
Nepal is struggling to address impunity for a range of grave violations committed during its decade-long conflict as
well as the period since the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) was signed by the government and the Maoists in 2006.
The OHCHR’s office in Nepal has been significant in preventing a range of abuses, such as forced disappearances, since
it was established. However, the Nepalese authorities have failed to establish a functioning justice system to
investigate and prosecute past and ongoing violations, due to a protracted political stalemate that has obstructed
institution-building and prolonged impunity.
The 2006 CPA comprised the following articles, which reflect approaches suggested by the Set of principles. Five years
on, these have yet to be implemented:
• Publication of the names of the persons killed or disappeared within 60 days (Article 5.2.3)
• Formation of a national Peace and Rehabilitation Commission to provide relief support to conflict victims
(5.2.4)
• Formation of a high-level Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate conflict-era crimes against
humanity and gross human rights violations (5.2.5)
• Commitment to investigate and prosecute human rights violations and guarantee not to foster impunity (7.1.3)
These commitments were upheld in the 2007 Interim Constitution. However, the Nepalese authorities have failed to carry
out appropriate institutional reforms necessary to establish a system that fosters truth and accountability. Not a
single perpetrator of grave human rights violations - such as arbitrary detention, rape, torture, forced disappearances
and extra-judicial killings - has been held accountable, which in turn fails to create conditions to prevent the
recurrence of violations.
Non-cooperation by parties to the conflict: Both the Army and the Maoists have resisted attempts to hold their personnel
accountable and refused to cooperate with police investigations. Both have tampered with evidence, pressured the police,
threatened witnesses, victims or their families, or simply refused to provide any information, and have remained above
the law.
Failing transitional justice: transitional justice institutions are yet to be established, and instead now serve as
excuses to postpone concrete action to combat impunity. The government has repeatedly stated that cases cannot be
investigated by other entities, including the regular justice system and the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC),
until the TRC has been created; an argument with no legal basis. The police consequently frequently refuse to file cases
concerning conflict-era violations.
Legislation establishing the TRC and Commission on Enforced Disappearances has been drafted but remains pending before
the Parliament, with no government timeframe for its adoption. The draft legislation prohibits amnesties for human
rights violations, but the political parties have tabled a number of amendments targeting this prohibition which, if
successful, would render the commissions meaningless. The commissions will not have prosecutorial powers, suggesting
that the primary responsibility to undertake investigations and prosecutions concerning conflict-related human rights
violations remains with the regular justice system, contradicting the government’s position.
Reforms lacking: action to reinforce the criminal justice system to ensure that "those responsible for serious crimes
under international law are prosecuted, tried and duly punished," as outlined in principle 19 of the Set of principles,
is lacking, resulting in a failure by the State to ensure the right to truth, both individual and collective, the right
to justice, and the rights to reparation and redress for conflict victims. While Nepal's justice system has been
hindered by the conflict, the lack of financial and human resources, ongoing political instability and the high level of
corruption, the greatest challenge remains the lack of political will to conduct reforms. During the transition phase,
efforts must concentrate on strengthening the criminal justice system, enabling it to effectively prosecute human rights
violations, in particular by strengthening courts, the police and the Public Prosecutor and Attorney General's offices.
Toothless courts: since the conflict, the Supreme Court has passed a series of landmark judgments ordering immediate
investigations into violations and prosecutions of those responsible. It has also repeatedly found that commitments to
transitional justice mechanisms do not supersede the role of the regular justice system. During Nepal's Universal
Periodic Review in January 2011, the government lauded the judiciary’s independence, but continues to ignore its orders
and findings, as do members of the military, police forces and the Maoists.
Defective policing: Nepal's police is crippled by high levels of corruption and inefficiency. The police argue that they
are under significant pressure from influential individuals and local political leaders, but the lack of mechanisms to
hold police officers accountable for abuses of power is the key aspect preventing the police from ensuring the rule of
law and rights.
Flawed prosecution: The Attorney General's Office has contributed to ongoing impunity, both passively by being lethargic
in filing charge-sheets against alleged perpetrators of human rights violations, and actively in approving repeated mass
withdrawals of criminal cases instigated by the government. Furthermore, notably at the District level, Public
Prosecutors collude with the police to prevent cases from progressing.
Political interference: political pressure by politicians on the police not to investigate cases and to release
connected individuals is perhaps the greatest obstacle to due process and efforts to combat impunity in Nepal.
Conflict-era cases have been withdrawn en-masse, allegedly because they were filed for "political considerations" and
therefore fell under a provision of the CPA providing for the withdrawal of such cases. In October 2008, 349 criminal
cases were withdrawn by the Maoist government, which opened the gates for similar moves by subsequent governments. As
noted in the OHCHR-Nepal 2011 report to the Human Rights Council, this practice has "expanded to cases occurring after
the conflict, with political parties, armed groups and indigenous and ethnic groups demanding that criminal cases
against their supporters be withdrawn...The practice has continued despite a Supreme Court interim order in 2008
directing the suspension of further withdrawals." In June 2011, the Maoist Home Minister submitted a proposal to the
cabinet to withdraw 300 criminal cases concerning Maoist cadres, including the case of Arjun Bahadur Lama detailed
below.
Obstructed NHRC: The NHRC has been seriously weakened by a lack of cooperation by the government. According to the NHRC,
only 8.8% of its recommendations have been fully implemented between 2000 and 2010. Furthermore, in July 2011, the
government demanded that the NHRC halt its investigations into twenty cases of gross human rights violations, claiming
that they fall under the jurisdiction of the TRC.
Examples: 15-year-old girl Maina Sunuwar was tortured to death by military personnel on 17 February 2004. The military
has consistently obstructed investigations, threatened witnesses, and tampered with evidence. The police also initially
refused to file the case because it concerned the military. On September 8, 2005, a Court Martial ruled that three
military personnel were only guilty of not having observed the correct procedures in the disposal of her body. The Army
and Defence Ministry are now using the pretext of "double jeopardy" to obstruct justice. On September 18, 2007, the
Supreme Court ordered the civilian authorities to carry out investigations within three months and to prosecute the
perpetrators. The District Court of Kavre subsequently issued an arrest warrant against four military officers on
January 31, 2008. These warrants have still not been executed; three of the accused have been declared missing with no
action taken to locate them, while the fourth was repatriated from a UN peace keeping mission in Chad and taken into
custody by the Nepal Army who pledged to produce him before court the next day. This never happened. The army declared
on July 14, 2010, that an internal investigation had found him innocent of the charges pending against him and no action
has been taken since then.
Arjun Bahadur Lama was abducted and murdered by Maoist personnel on April 29, 2005. The Maoists refused to provide
information concerning his whereabouts and have instead claimed that he was killed in an army attack. The District
Police Office (DPO) repeatedly refused to file an FIR lodged by his widow, arguing that the case fell under the
jurisdiction of the TRC In March 2008, the Supreme Court issued a writ of mandamus to the DPO to register the FIR and
initiate investigations. However, the police failed to implement the Supreme Court's instruction for 5 months, only
registering the FIR on August 11, 2008. Partially due to the refusal by the Maoists to cooperate with the police, the
investigation has been ineffective, with no perpetrators having been brought to court. Agni Sapkota, who reportedly
ordered the execution of the victim, was promoted within the Maoist party, becoming a Constituent Assembly member. The
US and Australian embassies refused him a visa on the grounds of 'serious and specific human rights allegations
associated with his conduct during the insurgency. The Maoist party rallied behind Agni Sapkota and publicly accused
international human rights organizations of conspiring to defame them. Involved lawyers and human rights defenders have
been threatened. Agni Sapkota was nominated Minister for Information and Communication in May 2011, but subsequently
removed during a reshuffle.
Conclusion: the above illustrates key challenges raises that the Human Rights Council must address concerning
post-conflict impunity. The Council is urged to establish a mechanism that is mandated to monitor the implementation of
commitments taken as part of peace agreements, such as the CPA in Nepal. The Council must also have the capacity to
monitor actions that aim to undermine such processes, such as the non-cooperation with investigations; political
interference, including the mass dropping of criminal cases; and threats or attacks against witnesses, victims and their
families, lawyers and human rights defenders working to combat impunity. The Council must assist States in reforming
domestic justice systems. The prompt and effective establishment of transitional justice institutions must be monitored,
to avoid delays to justice as witnessed in the limbo in Nepal. The ALRC is firmly of the view that while transitional
justice institutions have an important role to play in resolving post-conflict societal rifts, they cannot replace the
regular criminal justice system as a tool to eradicate impunity, create lasting justice or prevent further abuses
The Asian Legal Resource Centre also takes this opportunity to urge the government of Nepal to step up its efforts to
establish transitional justice commissions, to strengthen its criminal justice system and to ensure the cooperation of
former parties to the conflict with attempts to hold accountable those responsible for human rights violations. All
parties must desist from politically influencing the course of justice. The government is urged to clearly and publicly
state that the regular criminal justice system is primarily responsible for establishing accountability for
conflict-related and post-conflict human rights violations, and ensure that no pretexts can be used to prevent the
investigation and prosecution of cases of human rights violations, regardless of the state of establishment of
transitional justice institutions. The government must also support the NHRC in the fulfilment of its mandate, without
further obstruction, and ensure the full cooperation with the Human Rights Council’s mechanisms and the OHCHR. All
parties are also urged to immediately desist from the practice of mass-removal of criminal cases for political reasons.
*************
[1] E/CN.4/2005/102/Add.1: http://daccess-ods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open=E/CN.4/2005/102/Add.1=E
About the ALRC: The Asian Legal Resource Centre is an independent regional non-governmental organisation holding general
consultative status with the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations. It is the sister organisation of the
Asian Human Rights Commission. The Hong Kong-based group seeks to strengthen and encourage positive action on legal and
human rights issues at the local and national levels throughout Asia.