Advanced Economies Need Long-Term Efforts to Tame Public Debt, IMF Studies Find
Press Release No. 10/322
September 1, 2010
Advanced economies must pursue long-term policy reforms to reduce public debt levels over the coming decades and ensure
future fiscal sustainability, according to three papers published today by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). In
order to protect the fragile economic recovery, support growth and job creation and provide reassurance to capital
markets, fiscal adjustment plans must be clearly defined—but with a focus on the medium term rather than seeking a quick
fix.
“Public debt levels among advanced economies have reached levels not seen before in the absence of a major war,” said
Mr. Carlo Cottarelli, Director of the IMF’s Fiscal Affairs Department and one of the authors of two of the reports.
General government debt in the G20 advanced economies surged from 78 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2007 to
97 percent of GDP in 2009 and is projected to rise to 115 percent of GDP in 2015.
“High public debt is due not only to the financial crisis, but also to weak fiscal policy over the preceding decades,
when debt levels ratcheted up during hard times but failed to fall in better years. The task ahead is all the more
complicated because aging societies and global warming are putting additional pressure on public finances. This calls
attention to the critical need for long-term fiscal reforms that will guarantee a gradual but sustained improvement in
debt positions over the coming decades,” Mr. Cottarelli said.
The most indebted economies are approaching a “debt limit” beyond which their fiscal positions may become unsustainable.
“Debt limits are not etched in stone, but they show that a fundamental change in behavior relative to historical
patterns will be needed to restore sustainability. In other words, ‘business as usual’ won’t cut it,” said Jonathan D.
Ostry, Deputy Director of the IMF’s Research Department and lead author of one of the papers.
“Countries will generally want to target debt levels well below their debt limits because governments may get little or
no warning about imminent spikes in borrowing costs or curtailed access to markets as public debt rises or as views
about fiscal risks or the reliability of fiscal data change,” Mr. Ostry said.
Long-Term Trends in Public Finances in the G-7 Economies,one of the three Staff Position Notes the Fund is publishing, looks at the evolution of public debt levels in the most
developed economies in the decades leading up to the recent crisis, discusses the surge in debt during the crisis, and
assesses the outlook for cutting debt ratios in the years ahead. Beyond the 2008-09 crisis, advanced countries’
indebtedness reflects persistent upward trends in debt ratios since 1974. Rising spending on healthcare and pensions
accounts for most of the weakening in primary balances. To avoid undermining the fragile economic recovery while
providing reassurance to capital markets, fiscal policy should be clearly defined with a focus on gradual but sustained
adjustment over the medium term rather than just near-term tightening, the paper concludes.
Fiscal Space examines debt sustainability across a range of advanced economies, and estimates the degree to which governments have
room for fiscal maneuver before markets force them to tighten policies sharply. Fiscal space—the distance between
current debt levels and the debt limit beyond which a country’s debt becomes unsustainable based on past performance—is
severely limited in some countries while others enjoy much greater room for fiscal maneuver to deal with unexpected
shocks. In the first group, a fundamental break from the normal pattern of fiscal adjustment is needed to restore
sustainability. The analysis underscores the importance of maintaining significant margins of fiscal space because there
is uncertainty about where precisely the debt limits lie, and because both theory and empirical evidence suggest that
the move from a situation with full and risk free access to capital markets to shut out from those markets can happen
abruptly, with little advance notice from rising interest rates.
Default in Today’s Advanced Economies: Unnecessary, Undesirable, and Unlikely examines recent speculation among market participants and commentators that worsening public finances could lead to a
debt default in certain advanced countries, in particular some “peripheral” European countries. The paper judges that
the risk of debt restructuring is currently significantly overestimated, arguing that whereas debt defaults by primarily
emerging markets in preceding decades have been triggered foremost by spiraling debt service costs, the current
challenges to fiscally stressed advanced countries stem from their large primary deficits. Because of the long maturity
of public debt in advanced countries at the beginning of the crisis, their debt service is still relatively contained:
the problem is not the debt burden, but the primary deficit. As highlighted in the accompanying papers, the long-term
drivers of public spending need to be tackled over the medium term to ensure fiscal sustainability. The study concludes
that therefore defaulting on debt would make little sense for these countries.
[Documents:
Fiscal Space spn1011.pdf
Problem: high primary deficits spn1012.pdf
The research spn1013.pdf]
ENDS