Cablegate: Kyrgyzstan 2008 Trafficking in Persons (Tip) Report

VZCZCXRO4112
RR RUEHAST RUEHBI RUEHCI RUEHLH RUEHLN RUEHPW RUEHVK RUEHYG
DE RUEHEK #0211/01 0601138
ZNR UUUUU ZZH
R 291138Z FEB 08
FM AMEMBASSY BISHKEK
TO RUEHC/SECSTATE WASHDC 0750
INFO RUCNCIS/CIS COLLECTIVE
RUCNCLS/ALL SOUTH AND CENTRAL ASIA COLLECTIVE
RUEHAD/AMEMBASSY ABU DHABI 0113
RUEHAK/AMEMBASSY ANKARA 0718
RUEHTH/AMEMBASSY ATHENS 0073
RUEHBK/AMEMBASSY BANGKOK 0112
RUEHBJ/AMEMBASSY BEIJING 2429
RUEHRL/AMEMBASSY BERLIN 0651
RUEHDM/AMEMBASSY DAMASCUS 0026
RUEHNC/AMEMBASSY NICOSIA 0035
RUEHUL/AMEMBASSY SEOUL 0185
RUEHDE/AMCONSUL DUBAI 0129
RHMFIUU/DEPT OF HOMELAND SECURITY WASHINGTON DC
RUEAWJA/DEPT OF JUSTICE WASHDC
RUEHC/DEPT OF LABOR WASHDC
RUEATRS/DEPT OF TREASURY WASHDC

UNCLAS SECTION 01 OF 17 BISHKEK 000211

SIPDIS

SENSITIVE
SIPDIS

DEPT FOR G/TIP, G, DRL, INL, PRM, SCA/RA,

E.O. 12958: N/A
TAGS: KCRM PHUM KWMN ELAB SMIG KFRD PREF ASEC KG
SUBJECT: KYRGYZSTAN 2008 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS (TIP) REPORT

Ref: State 2731

BISHKEK 00000211 001.6 OF 017

1. (SBU) Following is Embassy Bishkek's 2008 Trafficking in
Persons report. The report follows the response format
outlined in reftel.

U.S. Embassy Bishkek trafficking point of contact:
Valerie J. Chittenden, Consul
Tel: (996-312) 551-241 x 4441
Fax: (996-312) 551-264
Email: ChittendenVJ@state.gov
Number of hours spent on report preparation: CONS Section: 80; P/E
Section: 6.

2. (SBU) Begin text:

--------------------------------------------- -----
1. Overview of a country's activities to eliminate
trafficking in persons:
--------------------------------------------- -----

A. Is the country a country of origin, transit, and/or
destination for internationally trafficked men, women, or
children?

Kyrgyzstan is a country of origin and transit, and, to a lesser
degree, destination for internationally trafficked
people. Internal trafficking for both labor and sexual
exploitation also occurs, generally from poor rural areas to larger
cities such as Bishkek in the north and Osh in the south.

There are no areas within the country that are outside of
government control. The Government has been taking steps
during the reporting period to address the issue of
trafficking in persons.

Reliable data on the number of people trafficked is
unavailable because no baseline study has been conducted
since 1999. The International Organization of Migration (IOM) and
the Kyrgyz State Committee on Migration and employment (SCME) gather
trafficking information in their efforts to combat it. However, both
NGOs and government officials estimate that there are up to 4,000
Kyrgyz women working in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) in the sex
industry. Most of these women are presumed to be victims of
trafficking, although no reliable studies on the actual number of
trafficking victims has been conducted. A significant number of
trafficking victims are also presumed to be working in Kazakhstan
and Russia, where large numbers of Kyrgyz labor migrants work on
farms (in Kazakhstan) and in trading, construction, and factories
(in Russia). By various estimates, the number of Kyrgyz labor
migrants currently working in Kazakhstan range from 30,000-300,000,
depending on the season. Another 250,000-400,000 Kyrgyz citizens are
estimated to be working in Russia. The bulk of these are economic
migrants, given the high unemployment and relatively stagnant
economy in Kyrgyzstan, and are not trafficked. The precise number of
those Kyrgyz citizens working in Russia and Kazakhstan who may be
victims of trafficking is, however, unknown. According to the SCME
offices in Russia, they assisted 4,000 Kyrgyz citizens recoup
approximately 120 million rubles ($4.8 million US) worth of salaries
that had been illegally withheld by Russian employers. Numerous
government officials and NGOs have noted, however, that the large
numbers of Kyrgyz citizens working in Kazakhstan and Russia is a net
positive for the country since it significantly reduces the number
of unemployed people in Kyrgyzstan and at the same time provides
much needed remittances to the families of migrant workers. Local
press reports indicate that the total amount of money remitted from
Kyrgyz citizens abroad was $710 million for the first seven months
of 2007. Most Kyrgyz citizens working in Kazakhstan, and to a lesser
extent in Russia, do so on a seasonal basis, usually returning to
Kyrgyzstan for the winter.

Residents of poor rural areas of the country, particularly in the
south, are most vulnerable to labor trafficking to

BISHKEK 00000211 002.4 OF 017

Kazakhstan and Russia. Poor ethnic Kyrgyz women from impoverished
areas are the most frequent victims of sexual
trafficking. Golden Goal, an anti-trafficking NGO in Osh reported
that there were 331 victims of trafficking in southern Kyrgyzstan in
2007.

B. Please provide a general overview of the trafficking
situation in the country and any changes since the last TIP
Report

Both NGOS and representatives from the Kyrgyz government
characterize TIP as remaining a steady problem during the reporting
period. While there were no significant increases or decreases,
there was marked activity in prosecuting TIP cases. In October 2007,
the former Deputy Chairman of the State Committee on Migration and
Employment announced that 33 cases of human trafficking had been
solved during 2007. According to the Prosecutor's office, there have
been 23 convictions in cases involving trafficking in persons.
Prosecution and conviction statistics such as the above were not
available for the previous report. Additionally the State Committee
on Migration and Employment has renewed its efforts to revise the
National Action Plan against trafficking in persons.

Victims are trafficked from all areas of the country, with southern
Kyrgyzstan in particular being the largest source area for
trafficking victims; the majority of trafficking victims were
believed to be victims of labor trafficking. International
Organization for Migration (IOM) estimates that about 70 percent of
TIP victims are from the southern provinces of Batken, Jalalabad,
and Osh, where unemployment rates are the highest. According to IOM,
NGOs, and the government, most frequently individuals are trafficked
to Kazakhstan (to work in the agricultural sector, mostly on tobacco
fields), Russia (industry, commerce, construction) and China (bonded
labor); and to the UAE, China, South Korea, Turkey, Greece, Cyprus,
Thailand, Germany, and Syria for sexual exploitation. IOM estimates
that up to 4,000 Kyrgyz women work in the UAE as prostitutes;
however, it is uncertain how many of those women were trafficked.

Populations targeted by traffickers include women of both
Slavic and Central Asian (Kyrgyz, Tajik and Uzbek)
ethnicities, especially in the 18-25 age group. Unemployed
poor people, particularly from southern Kyrgyzstan and rural areas,
are also heavily targeted for seasonal agricultural work in
Kazakhstan and for construction and industrial sector work in
Russia. Press reports during the reporting period indicate that
traffickers range from individuals or family-based syndicates to
well-organized groups.

Kyrgyzstan is a transit country for smaller numbers of
trafficking victims from Uzbekistan, Tajikistan,
Turkmenistan, and South Asia to Russia, the UAE, Turkey and both
Eastern and Western Europe. In 2006 in a widely reported trafficking
case, 86 Uzbek women on one charter flight were interdicted while
traveling to the UAE with false travel documents. During the past
year Kyrgyzstan, particularly the city of Osh, was a destination and
transit point for women trafficked from Uzbekistan for purposes of
sexual exploitation.

The number of people working illegally in Russia and
Kazakhstan has been declining during the last four years as channels
for legal labor migration expanded due to bilateral agreements on
labor migration with these two countries. In 2005, Russia passed
legislation giving a preferential treatment to Kyrgyz citizen
workers in Russia. The Kyrgyz government had worked closely with the
Russian government to secure passage of the measure as a means of
better protecting Kyrgyz workers in Russia. In 2006, the Kyrgyz
government reached an agreement with Russian authorities simplifying
rules for crossing the Russian border: starting Nov. 1, 2007, Kyrgyz
citizens were authorized visa-free passage across the border using
their domestic passport or identification card. Additionally, the
SCME has worked to develop electronic means for Kyrgyz workers to
receive their salary - in order to ease remittances back to

BISHKEK 00000211 003.4 OF 017

Kyrgyzstan but also to decrease vulnerability to robbery and forced
labor.

NGOs and the Kazakh government reported an increase in the flow of
legal labor migrants from Kyrgyzstan during the past three years,
especially in spring and summer. The number of officially registered
Kyrgyz migrants in Kazakhstan has increased by 30 percent. According
to IOM's Bishkek office, approximately 70 percent of Kyrgyz migrants
to Kazakhstan work on a contractual basis, with the other 30 percent
working with only verbal contracts. Most Kyrgyz migrants work as
traders at markets or perform unskilled labor in the agricultural
and construction sectors of Kazakhstan; a smaller group includes
young people working in the IT sector, consulting companies and
businesses requiring special skills.

In February 2007, the government announced the decision of
the South Korean government to include Kyrgyzstan on its
official list of countries exporting labor into the country,
allowing Kyrgyz labor migrants to work legally in Korea. Previously,
Kyrgyzstan had a quota of 400 labor migrants, but the actual number
was thought to be much higher. Despite these new legal protections,
the SCME reported several cases of trafficking including one group
of athletes who are currently awaiting repatriation from South
Korea.

NGOs and government sources reported that agencies offering
employment abroad, travel, and modeling contracts often serve as
fronts for trafficking operations. NGOs and the government also
cited agencies that promote work or marriage abroad as the main
conduits for trafficking victims for sexual exploitation. Such
companies place advertisements in the media about marriage to
foreigners, high salaries working in restaurants or as domestic
servants to lure recruits. Women trafficked into prostitution are
frequently recruited by former trafficking victims themselves, who
now work for or become traffickers.

Recruiters for labor migrants often go to villages where jobs are
scarce and call out for recruits over loudspeakers. Recruits are
then bused to Kazakhstan for work on farms. Agricultural workers are
also often recruited by word of mouth after recruiters spread rumors
of lucrative work abroad. An unknown number of these labor migrants
may become trafficking victims.

Traffickers usually provide travel documents, including
passports and visas. In the case of women trafficked to the
UAE, traffickers provide forged travel documents indicating
an older age for the victims in an effort to bypass the UAE
regulations.

In the past there were reports of blank Kyrgyz passports
being stolen from passport agencies here. Later, investigation of
several TIP cases revealed that traffickers used the stolen
passports. The availability for purchase of Kyrgyz passports led to
the US government ceasing to recognize it as a travel document in
2004. Not only was the pre-2004 passport widely sold, but the lack
of security features led to rampant forgery. While the US and the UK
do not recognize this passport and the Kyrgyz government has ceased
to issue it, the pre-2004 passport is still accepted for travel to
most Schengen countries and the UAE until 2010.

Bride kidnapping is also part of the trafficking problem in
the Kyrgyz Republic because it involves, in many cases,
forced marriage and movement - even if it only occurs within the
same oblast or town. Increased reports of bride kidnappings have
been attributed to a weak economy, as young men cannot afford to
marry according to traditional practices. Bride kidnapping is
considered to be a part of Kyrgyz culture even though it only
reportedly became prevalent in the last 200 years. A 2003 study
indicated that the problem is particularly severe in northern
Kyrgyzstan. Research indicates that up to one-third of ethnic Kyrgyz
women in northern Kyrgyzstan may be married against their will as a
result of bride kidnapping. Another 20 percent of marriages among
ethnic Kyrgyz are the result of consensual bride kidnapping, which

BISHKEK 00000211 004.4 OF 017

is done by some out of respect for tradition. During the past
reporting period, a US citizen was the victim of bride kidnapping
and was held against her will for several days before she escaped.
While it is typical for a group of young men to actually perform the
kidnapping, it is not unusual for female relatives to assist them -
sometimes urging the "bride" to just give in. According to NGOs
(Healthy Generation and Spravedlivost), seven out of ten couples
married through bride kidnapping eventually get divorced. Women who
refuse to acquiesce can face rejection from their families, and
intense ostracism - thus making them a vulnerable part of the
population.

C. Which government agencies are involved in anti-
trafficking efforts and which agency, if any, has the lead?

The Office of the Prosecutor General, the Ministry of Internal
Affairs, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the National Security
Service, the National Border Service, the Customs Agency, the
Ministry of Labor and Social Protection, the Ministry of Education,
the Ministry of Health, and local administrations are all involved
with anti-trafficking efforts. The law on Prevention and Combating
Trafficking in Persons, adopted in 2005, specifically states the
role of each Ministry and office in combating TIP. The National
Council on Fighting Human Trafficking was the leading government
organization in fighting TIP. However the State Committee on
Migration and Employment (SCME) is the only agency that has adequate
staffing and works continuously on TIP. The Committee has regional
offices in all seven oblasts and in Bishkek. The National Council is
scheduled to meet annually but has not done so for the past three
years.

D. What are the limitations on the government's ability
to address this problem in practice?

The government's ability to address TIP was limited by
significant changes that followed the "Tulip Revolution" of
March 2005. Changes in the structure of the government, a
high turnover of individuals responsible for conducting/coordinating
anti-TIP activities, and the lack of staff with experience in
dealing with TIP issues delayed
anti-TIP activities at that time. Kyrgyzstan adopted a new
constitution in October 2007. There were pre-term parliamentary
elections and a new prime minister and cabinet were appointed in
December 2007. Inadequate funding of law enforcement agencies and
low salaries of law enforcement officers, coupled with corruption
also weakened the government's ability to address the problem.

Resources to aid victims were also scarce. The government
continued to provide space free of charge to the Sezim
shelter in Bishkek, which offers shelter both to TIP victims and
victims of domestic violence. In 2003, the Mayor's Office in Osh
provided a building for the shelter for trafficked and abused women.
In 2006, local authorities of Osh allocated space for another
shelter for children. The shelter provides support to homeless
children, including those deserted by parents who left in search of
job opportunities.

Overall, corruption was a critical problem recognized by the
government. In 2006, government officials at the highest level made
public statements regarding their commitment to eliminate
corruption, carried
out an anticorruption information campaign through the media,
implemented measures to make the operation of government and
judiciary more transparent, and simplified procedures for business
registration and operation. However, there was no noticeable impact
from these measures. In 2005, the government established the Agency
for Preventing Corruption and the National Council for Fighting
Corruption. The following year, the agency conducted a nationwide
survey of corruption within government agencies. Based on the
results of the study, the agency released a list of the most corrupt
governmental bodies, including the tax and customs agencies, law
enforcement bodies, courts, and agencies controlling
construction and business licenses. However, no action was

BISHKEK 00000211 005.4 OF 017

taken against corrupt officials as a result of the survey.

E. To what extent does the government systematically
monitor its anti-trafficking efforts (on all fronts --
prosecution, victim protection, and prevention) and
periodically make available, publicly or privately and
directly or through regional/international organizations,
its assessments of these anti-trafficking efforts?

The government, through the State Committee on Employment and
Migration Issues (SCME) monitored and analyzed the labor migration
situation during the reporting period. A new National Action Plan is
in the process of being drafted which will formalize the SCME's role
as lead agency in tracking and fighting TIP. Under the newly
proposed National Action Plan, the SCME will also chair a working
group composed of other government agencies to coordinate anti-TIP
efforts. However, because of the lack of resources and expertise for
conducting such research, no comprehensive and systematic monitoring
of TIP issues was established.

No meetings of the National Council to Combat Trafficking
were held during the reporting period. In November 2005, the SCME
conducted a door-to-door survey. Based on results, they estimated
that at least 300,000 Kyrgyz citizens work as labor migrants in
Russia and Kazakhstan alone. Since the survey was done in November,
when most seasonal workers had returned home, the chairperson of the
Committee concluded that the actual number is significantly higher.
At a conference in December 2007, then Deputy Chairman of the SCME
Dasmir Uzbekov estimated the number of labor migrants at 400,000
people, with about 250,000 working in Russia. According to the
official, most of the labor migrants are in 18-30 year age group.

Representatives of government/law enforcement agencies made
presentations at various conferences and to the media reporting on
work performed. The police's TIP unit and office of the Prosecutor
General maintained statistics on the number of cases investigated,
and the Court Department maintained statistics on the number of
prosecuted traffickers. During the year law enforcement agencies
publicized information on prosecution cases through media outlets
and at public events devoted to TIP.

As part of the anti-trafficking information campaign, the
government and both domestic and international NGOs provided
assessments of the TIP situation.

--------------------------------------------- ---
2. INVESTIGATION AND PROSECUTION OF TRAFFICKERS:
--------------------------------------------- ---

A. Does the country have a law specifically prohibiting
trafficking in persons--both for sexual and non-sexual
purposes (e.g. forced labor)?

The law on Prevention and Combating Trafficking in
Persons, adopted in January 2005, and changes to Article 124 of the
Criminal Code, introduced in January 2006, outlaw trafficking in
persons and specify penalties ranging from three to 20-years
imprisonment for those convicted under this article. The 2006
amendment to Art. 124 of the Criminal Code provides protection to
TIP victims if they cooperate with law enforcement agencies. Now TIP
victims are not prosecuted for document fraud or illegal border
crossing if they assist in prosecution of trafficking cases.

The law gives a broad definition of trafficking, including
recruiting, transporting, hiding, receiving, transferring or selling
a person, or any other illegal transaction performed either with the
person's consent or without it, carried out by way of applying
force, fraud, cheating, kidnapping for the purpose of exploitation
or gaining a profit. The law states the following definition of
exploitation: involvement in criminal activity, coercion into
prostitution or other forms of sexual activity, forced labor or
services, slavery, adoption for commercial purposes, and forced
service in armed conflicts.

BISHKEK 00000211 006.4 OF 017

Thus, the law covers both trafficking for sexual exploitation and
trafficking for forced labor, including trafficking of minors; the
law contains a special provision for TIP crime committed in
connection with the abuse of official power.

In January 2006, the President enacted the new law on
External Labor Migration. The law regulates recruitment of
Kyrgyz citizens for work abroad and legal assistance to labor
migrants, including cases that pose the danger of
trafficking.

In February 2006, the Code on Administrative Responsibility
was amended to include a more severe punishment of
governmental officials for violating rules of visa issuance
to foreigners; this amendment is aimed at preventing
trafficking of foreign citizens to Kyrgyzstan.

TIP-related crime is also prosecuted on charges outlined in
the following articles of the Criminal Code:

Art. 123 Kidnapping;
Art. 154 - Entering into marriage relations with a person
under marriage age (18 years old);
Art. 157 - Involvement of minors in antisocial activities;
Art. 204-1 - Organizing illegal migration;
Art. 204-2- Numerous violations of the regulations on
recruiting and employing foreigners;
Art. 260 - Recruiting people for purposes of prostitution;
Art. 261 - Establishing and operating brothels for
prostitution;
Art. 346 - illegal border crossing;
Art. 350 - document forgery.

These provisions of the Criminal Code are sufficient for
prosecution of the full scope of trafficking-related crimes.

Additionally, the following laws cover actions of people
interfering with the prosecution process:

-- Criminal Code, Art. 317 - Obstructing the judicial
Process: punishment is up to five years in prison;

-- Criminal Code, Art. 318 -Obstructing the investigation:
punishment is up to five years in prison;

-- Code on Administrative Responsibility, Art. 77 - Illegal
Employment: punishment is a fine of up 70 minimum salaries (Note:
one minimum salary is presently equal to $2.50 End Note);

-- Code on Administrative Responsibility, Art. 315 - False
Advertising: punishment is a fine of up 70 minimum salaries;

-- Code on Administrative Responsibility, Art. 391-1 -
Illegal trafficking of people through the border: punishment is a
fine of up to 50 minimum salaries or dismissal;

On September 9, 2006 the president signed a law, which
establishes a system of state protection for witnesses,
victims, and other participants of criminal trials. Under
this law, testimony from witnesses and other trial
participants will also carry greater weight both in the
investigation and in court proceedings. Observers believe the law
will increase witnesses' willingness to testify.
According to Golden Goal, an NGO located in Osh, up to 80 per cent
of witnesses refuse to give evidence for fear of retaliation by the
accused.

B. What are the prescribed penalties for trafficking
people for sexual exploitation? What penalties were
imposed for persons convicted of sexual exploitation over
the reporting period?

BISHKEK 00000211 007.6 OF 017

Traffickers of people for sexual exploitation can be prosecuted
sentenced based on the following articles of the Criminal Code:

--Art. 124 - Trafficking in persons: punishment is up to 20 years
imprisonment;

--Art. 204-1 - Organization of Illegal Migration: punishment is up
to five years imprisonment;

--Art. 346 - Illegal border crossing: punishment is up to five years
in prison;

--Art. 350 - Document forgery: punishment is up to four years in
prison.

During the reporting period, 33 cases of trafficking in people were
solved, several of them resulting in arrests. According to the
Prosecutor General's office, four of these arrests were related to
sexual exploitation/prostitution. According to press reports, at
least one of these arrests was for an individual who trafficked
women to the UAE for prostitution. According to statements from the
former Deputy Chairman of the State Committee of Migration and
Employment in December 2007, there have been at least 23 convictions
for trafficking in persons during the reporting period. However post
was unable to determine the number of convictions specifically for
sexual exploitation. Several trafficking cases are still on-going.

C. Punishment of Labor Trafficking Offenses: What are
the prescribed and imposed penalties for trafficking for
labor exploitation, such as forced or bonded labor and
involuntary servitude?

Labor trafficking offenses are punishable under the
following provisions of the law:

--Art. 124 -Trafficking in persons: punishment is up to 20 years
imprisonment;

--Art. 204-1 - Organization of Illegal Migration: punishment is up
to five years imprisonment;

--Art. 346 - Illegal border crossing: punishment is up to five years
in prison;
--Art. 350 - Document forgery: punishment is up to four years in
prison.

Additionally, theft, destruction, damage or concealment of
documents is punishable under article 348 of the Criminal
Code, resulting in a fine of 100-200 minimum monthly wages or
confinement of up to six months.

As mentioned above, at least 33 cases of trafficking in persons were
"solved" during the reporting period. According to press reports and
the Prosecutor General's Office, at least 19 of these arrests were
related to labor trafficking. Post has not received any data on the
number of convictions but several of these cases are still
on-going.

D. What are the prescribed penalties for rape or
forcible sexual assault? How do they compare to the
prescribed penalties for crimes of trafficking for
commercial sexual exploitation?

Rape and forcible sexual assault are prosecuted under the following
articles of the criminal code:

-- Rape is prosecuted under Art. 129 of the Criminal Code.
The punishment is from five to 20 years in prison and can
include capital punishment for the rape of a minor. Multiple rapes
by a person previously convicted for a similar crime, by a gang of
people, especially aggravated by threats of death or bodily injury,
or rape of a minor is punished by eight to 15 years;

BISHKEK 00000211 008.4 OF 017

-- Forcible sexual assault is punished under art. 130 of the
Criminal Code with three to 20 years;

-- Coercion to perform actions of a sexual nature is
punishable under Art. 131, by up to two years in prison;

-- Sexual intercourse or other sexual actions with a person
below 16 years old are punished under Art. 132 with up to
three years in prison.

This is comparable to sentences in cases of trafficking for
commercial sexual exploitation (art. 124, three to 20-years
imprisonment).

E. Is prostitution legalized or decriminalized? Specifically, are
the activities of the prostitute
criminalized? Are the activities of the brothel owner/operator,
clients, pimps, and enforcers criminalized?
Are these laws enforced?

Prostitution itself is neither legalized nor outlawed.
However, the Criminal Code specifically outlaws the operation of
brothels and pimping (art. 261) and the recruitment of people into
prostitution (art. 260) with penalties of up to five years
imprisonment.

F. Has the government prosecuted any cases against human
trafficking offenders?

During the reporting period, the government reported
arrests on TIP-related charges, and that 33 cases of human
trafficking were solved. According to the former Deputy Chairman of
the State Committee of Migration and Employment (SCME), there have
been at least 23 convictions against human traffickers. According to
the General Prosecutor's office, 19 of these cases involved
prosecutions for forced labor while four were related to sexual
exploitation/prostitution. The NGO Golden Goal, located in Osh,
reported that a number of these arrests and prosecutions were
occurring in the south of Kyrgyzstan - the source for the majority
of victims of trafficking and a significant transit point for
traffickers. However post does not have a detailed list of sentences
served, fines or details on plea bargains.

--According to the State Committee for Migration and
Employment, companies are required to obtain licenses for recruiting
people for work abroad, but there were also recruiters operating
without a license. During the reporting period government agencies
monitored activities of companies involved in recruiting people for
work abroad and took actions against those companies violating the
law.

G. Does the government provide any specialized training
for government officials in how to recognize, investigate,
and prosecute instances of trafficking?

The government supported a number of training programs for law
enforcement officers, governmental officials and NGOs conducted by
IOM and other organizations. The MVD Academy and the training center
for MVD officers, teach courses on recognizing and conducting
investigations into
trafficking-related crimes.

In September 2007, the US Embassy with cooperation from the Federal
Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC) provided a week-long
training session to Kyrgyz law enforcement personnel on
identification, investigation and prosecution of trafficking in
persons cases.

H. Does the government cooperate with other governments
in the investigation and prosecution of trafficking cases?

The Kyrgyz government cooperates with other CIS countries within the
framework of the Minsk Convention on Legal Assistance and Legal

BISHKEK 00000211 009.4 OF 017

Relations in Civil, Family and Criminal Cases. Kyrgyzstan has
bilateral agreements on legal assistance in civil, family and
criminal matters with Latvia, China, the Czech Republic, and Iran.
Similar agreements were drafted and forwarded to Finland, Greece,
Norway, Netherlands and Poland, and are currently awaiting approval
by these governments.

In addition:

-- In October 2006, parliament ratified a Commonwealth of
Independent States (CIS) agreement on combating trafficking
aimed at coordinating efforts of CIS law enforcement agencies.

-- In December 2007, the Kyrgyz government, with assistance from the
OSCE and the United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime (UNODC), held
a regional roundtable "Combating Trafficking in Human Beings in
Central Asia: State Policies, Dynamics and Ways Forward." National
delegations from the majority of CIS countries were present and
included government representatives as well as NGOs from each
country. The purpose of the conference was to share common
experiences regarding TIP and find potential common solutions.

-- In November 2007 a meeting of the Russian-Kyrgyz Consultative
Council on Labor Migration was held in Bishkek. Participants
discussed ways to harmonize legislation on labor migration and
coordination of actions to resolve problems of labor migration.

I. Does the government extradite persons who are charged with
trafficking in other countries?

Under bilateral and multilateral agreements with several
NIS countries and China, Kyrgyzstan may extradite foreign
citizens charged with criminal offenses, including TIP.
Article 13 of the Constitution prohibits the extradition of
Kyrgyz citizens to other countries.

Post has no information regarding extradition by the
government of traffickers to other countries. However one of the
most recent arrests during the reporting period (February 19, 2007)
included a Russian citizen who was arrested for selling Kyrgyz
nationals to other Russian citizens. It is not clear at the time of
this report whether the arrested individual would be prosecuted
under any Russian laws.

J. Is there evidence of government involvement in or
tolerance of trafficking, on a local or institutional
level?

NGOs reported a perceived tolerance of trafficking by
some low-level law enforcement officials, but blame this on a lack
of awareness of trafficking issues and a belief among some police
officials that most women working as prostitutes do so willingly and
are not victims of trafficking.

Corruption also plays an important role in that corrupt
officials could easily be bought off by traffickers.
However, Post has no evidence of official corruption
contributing to the trafficking problem in Kyrgyzstan.

No concrete information about involvement of government
officials into TIP crime is available.

K. If government officials are involved in trafficking,
what steps has the government taken to end such
participation?

In 2005, the government of Kyrgyzstan established the Agency for
Preventing Corruption and the National Council for Fighting
Corruption. During the reporting period, there were no arrests or
convictions of public officials in trafficking-related crimes. As
mentioned in the previous section, the Code on Administrative
Responsibility was amended in 2006 to include a more severe
punishment of government officials for violating rules of visa

BISHKEK 00000211 010.4 OF 017

issuance to foreigners; this amendment is aimed at preventing
trafficking of foreign citizens to Kyrgyzstan.

L. As part of the new requirements of the 2005 TVPRA,
for countries that contribute troops to international
peacekeeping efforts, please indicate whether the
government vigorously investigated, prosecuted, convicted
and sentenced nationals of the country deployed abroad as
part of a peacekeeping or other similar mission who engage
in or facilitate severe forms of trafficking or who exploit
victims of such trafficking.

The Kyrgyz Republic has not contributed troops to international
peacekeeping efforts.

M. If the country has an identified child sex tourism
problem (as source or destination), how many foreign
pedophiles has the government prosecuted or
deported/extradited to their country of origin?

Kyrgyzstan has not been a destination country
for child sex tourism. However, trafficking of children for sexual
exploitation remains a concern.

Domestic laws on child sexual abuse do not have
extraterritorial coverage.

----------------------------------------
3. PROTECTION AND ASSISTANCE TO VICTIMS:
----------------------------------------

A. Does the government assist foreign trafficking
victims, for example, by providing temporary to permanent
residency status, or other relief from deportation?

As source country for TIP, Kyrgyzstan reports few incidents of
foreigners being trafficked with Kyrgyzstan as the final
destination. The majority of trafficking victims are Kyrgyz citizens
themselves. The few reported foreign trafficking victims are usually
from Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan and usually are en
route to a third destination. As citizens of the Commonwealth of
Independent States (CIS), Uzbek and Tajik citizens do not require
visas to travel or remain in Kyrgyzstan. All victims of trafficking
are eligible for amnesty from any migration violations provided they
cooperate with trafficking investigations. All victims of
trafficking are able to receive assistance from the various NGOs and
international organizations who aid victims of trafficking.

B. Does the country have victim care facilities which
are accessible to trafficking victims?

While the government of Kyrgyzstan itself does not provide victim
care facilities, it does continue to provide space for three
shelters - one in Bishkek and two in Osh, which are operated by
local NGOs. There foreign victims as well domestic victims are able
to receive assistance. These organizations are privately funded from
international donors and from private sources. During 2007 the Sezim
shelter in Bishkek provided the following assistance to victims of
trafficking:
27 victims received psychological assistance
12 victims received specialty vocational training
19 victims received social assistance
21 victims received medical

The NGO Sezim also received 100 calls to their hot line during 2007.
All calls were made on IOM-sponsored and government-operated
toll-free number. Golden Goal, an anti-trafficking NGO in Osh,
reported 435 calls from March - December 2007 to their
anti-trafficking hotline. Through those calls, 21 victims of
trafficking were identified.

By the year's end, IOM provided assistance to 151 trafficking

BISHKEK 00000211 011.4 OF 017

victims, including repatriation, psychological support, shelter upon
arrival in Bishkek or Osh, vocational training, and financial
support through monthly stipends.

C. Does the government provide funding or other forms of
support to foreign or domestic NGOs and/or international
organizations for services to trafficking victims?

The Government does not directly provide funding to
foreign or domestic NGOs for services to victims and does not have
victim health care facilities. It lacks funding,
personnel, and training to support such programs. The Kyrgyz
government does provide free space for shelters and does not charge
any fees for the anti-TIP hotlines.

D. Do the government's law enforcement, immigration, and
social services personnel have a formal system of
proactively identifying victims of trafficking among high-
risk persons with whom they come in contact (e.g., foreign
persons arrested for prostitution or immigration
violations)?

The Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD), the National Border Service,
and the National Security Service have each developed systems for
victims of trafficking to be referred to appropriate shelters. The
head of the Sezim shelter in Bishkek reported a good level of
cooperation with these agencies and an increasing number of
referrals from law enforcement officials during the reporting
period.

According to Golden Goal, there were 331 victims of trafficking
identified in southern Kyrgyzstan in 2007. IOM reports that 28
victims in 2007 were identified in shelters such as Sezim's.

E. For countries with legalized prostitution: does the
government have a mechanism for screening for trafficking
victims among persons involved in the legal/regulated
commercial sex trade?

While Kyrgyzstan has not legalized prostitution, it has not outlawed
it either. Existing legislation makes it illegal to recruit someone
for prostitution, operate a brothel or act as a pimp. Kyrgyzstan
does not have a mechanism for screening trafficking victims from
legal commercial sex workers as there is no regulated commercial sex
trade.

F. Are the rights of victims respected?

Victims of trafficking are afforded protection from prosecution
should they cooperate with law enforcement. During the reporting
period, there have been no reports of the detention of trafficking
victims. In the majority of trafficking cases, the victims are
Kyrgyz citizens themselves who are trafficked either abroad or
within the country. Prostitution and other labor violations
committed abroad are not prosecuted within Kyrgyzstan. Once
identified, victims are able to receive assistance from Sezim,
Golden Goal or other NGOs.

G. Does the government encourage victims to assist in
the investigation and prosecution of trafficking?

The government does encourage victims to assist in the
investigation and prosecution of trafficking. Under Article
50 of the Criminal and Procedural Code, a victim has the
right to assist in the investigation and prosecution of
trafficking by providing evidence, participating in
investigative activities, providing comments to reports on
investigative activity with his/her involvement; he/she has
the right to access all investigation materials, participate in
court proceedings and appeal court decisions. Victims have the right
to file civil suits against traffickers.

Post has no information on whether victims' access to legal

BISHKEK 00000211 012.4 OF 017

redress is impeded, because this legal redress is not yet
available. If a victim is a material witness in a court case against
a former employer, the victim is not permitted to leave the country.
There is no victim restitution program

H. What kind of protection is the government able to
provide for victims and witnesses?

On September 9, 2006 the president signed a law, which
establishes a system of state protection for witnesses,
victims, and other participants in criminal trials. Under
this law, testimony from witnesses and other trial
participants will also carry greater weight both in the
investigation and in court proceedings. This law additionally
provides amnesty from prosecution of migration and related offenses
should the victims cooperate with the investigation. Observers
believe the law will increase witnesses' willingness to testify.
According to Golden Goal, up to 80 per cent of witnesses refuse to
give evidence for fear of retaliation by the accused.

Another provision of the Criminal and Procedural Code (point 4 of
Article 12) provides for some measures ensuring the security and
safety of victims and witnesses: "When there is sufficient
information that a witness or other participant of the legal process
is threatened with violence, destruction or damage to his property
or other dangerous illegal actions, the court, the procurator, the
investigator and the investigation body must, within the framework
of their competence, undertake measures outlined by the law to
protect the life, health, honor, dignity and property of such
persons."

In practice, these measures are only occasionally enforced due to a
lack of resources at all levels to provide such
protection. To better enforce compliance, the Prosecutor
General sent a directive urging full compliance with the
provisions of the law concerning protection of witnesses.

As mentioned previously, the government does not operate any
shelters or assistance programs of its own. However, there is a
referral mechanism for victims of trafficking to shelters and
programs run by NGOs and international organizations such as IOM. As
mentioned previously, the Sezim shelter in Bishkek provided the
following assistance to victims of trafficking in 2007:
27 victims received psychological assistance
12 victims received specialty vocational training
19 victims received social assistance
21 victims received medical

The NGO Sezim also received 100 calls to their hot line during 2007.
All calls were made on IOM-sponsored and government-operated
toll-free number. Golden Goal, an anti-trafficking NGO in Osh,
reported 435 calls from March - December 2007 to their
anti-trafficking hotline. Through those calls, 21 victims of
trafficking were identified.

By the year's end, IOM provided assistance to 151 trafficking
victims, including repatriation, psychological support, shelter upon
arrival in Bishkek or Osh, vocational training, and financial
support through monthly stipends.

I. Does the government provide any specialized training
for government officials in identifying trafficking victims
and in the provision of assistance to trafficked victims,
including the special needs of trafficked children?

The MVD Academy, the training center for MVD personnel,
has training courses on recognizing and investigating
trafficking-related crimes. The Interagency Training Center, part of
the National Border Service, provides training on combating crime
related to illegal migration, drug trafficking and human
trafficking.

During the reporting period, the US Embassy in conjunction with the

BISHKEK 00000211 013.4 OF 017

Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC) conducted a
week-long anti-TIP training sessions for Kyrgyz law enforcement and
prosecutors.

The MFA during the reporting period instructed its embassies and
consulates located in destination countries to do all that they
could to cooperate with local law enforcement bodies to investigate
trafficking cases and to assist Kyrgyz victims of trafficking.
Embassies and consulates in destination countries have a
relationship with IOM, which assists with the return of trafficking
victims who are Kyrgyz citizens to Kyrgyzstan. During the reporting
period, Kyrgyz Embassies abroad and IOM reported a total of 134
repatriations of Kyrgyz victims of trafficking back to Kyrgyzstan.
Assistance ranged from providing travel documents to locating
funding for return travel. According to the new Deputy Chairman of
the State Committee on Migration and Employment (SCME) Toktosun
Sabyrov, the SCME is hoping to open offices in Kazakhstan, Russian,
Turkey and the UAE to provide additional assistance to Kyrgyz
laborers and victims of trafficking in those countries.

J. Does the government provide assistance, such as
medical aid, shelter, or financial help, to its nationals
who are repatriated as victims of trafficking?

The government does not provide medical aid, shelter or
financial help to its repatriated nationals who are victims
of trafficking. It lacks funding, personnel and training to
do so. However, the Government does cooperate with NGOs and
international organizations such as IOM which are able to
provide such assistance and refers returned trafficking
victims to shelters.

K. Which international organizations or NGOs, if any,
work with trafficking victims?

A number of international and domestic NGOs work with
trafficking victims in Kyrgyzstan:

-- IOM, with its offices in Bishkek and Osh, assists and
funds the return of victims of trafficking to Kyrgyzstan. In
February 2006, IOM started a 27-month Program on Combating
Trafficking in Human Beings, funded by USAID.
IOM works in partnership with 28 domestic NGOs on various
aspects of the labor migration/trafficking problem. By
year's end, IOM provided assistance to 151 trafficking
victims, including repatriation, psychological support,
shelter upon arrival in Bishkek or Osh, vocational training, as well
as monthly stipends.

-- The Eurasia Foundation, through four NGO partners,
provided legal advice to labor migrants, assisted the SCME in
developing public policy and assessed training needs of
potential labor migrants. One of NGO partners stationed in
Yekaterinburg gathered information about job opportunities in
Russia, and provided consultations and legal advice to Kyrgyz labor
migrants in Yekaterinburg.

-- NGOs such as Sezim, Golden Goal, Podruga, Ulybka and
Adilet Legal Clinic, provide legal, medical and counseling
services for trafficking victims.

-- The Sezim shelter in Bishkek and six other shelters for
female victims of domestic violence (one each in Talas,
Jalalabad, Cholpon Ata, Naryn, and two shelters in Osh) also provide
shelter for TIP victims.

--During the reporting period the Sezim shelter in Bishkek
provided shelter to 27 female TIP victims.

-- During the reporting period, the Sezim shelter and the NGO Golden
Goal based in Osh received over 500 phone calls on their "Stop
Traffic" hotlines.

BISHKEK 00000211 014.4 OF 017

-- The Elsen NGO operating the toll-free 189 hot line
received about 1,000 calls from potential labor migrants and
provided legal guidance and employment information.

--The NGO Golden Goal based in Osh focuses on protecting the rights
of young people, including giving free consultations regarding
external labor migration. The NGO also publishes information on
finding employment abroad without falling into the hands of
traffickers.

In September 2007, the European Commission announced support for two
new anti-trafficking projects. With a focus on southern Kyrgyzstan,
the first of the two projects trains local teachers in Osh,
Jalalabad and Batken in how to increase awareness and help prevent
human trafficking. The second project will train local governments,
law enforcement agencies and NGOs in fighting human trafficking.

-------------
4. PREVENTION
-------------

A. Does the government acknowledge that trafficking is a
problem in the country? If not, why not?

The government acknowledges that trafficking is a problem in the
Kyrgyz Republic. In addition to existing legislation that
specifically outlaws trafficking in persons, Parliament passed new
legislation to address the problem in January of 2005 and the
president signed the law into effect in March 2005. The mechanisms
for providing such protection were outlined in the amendments to
Art. 124 of the Criminal Code, which were signed into law January 5,
2006.

B. Are there, or have there been, government-run anti-
trafficking information or education campaigns conducted
during the reporting period?

During the rating period, the government supported and/or
participated in a number of information and education anti-TIP
programs jointly with international and domestic NGOs:

-- Jointly with IOM and USAID, the government continued to publish a
number of information materials in the Kyrgyz and Russian languages
for those seeking jobs abroad or those currently abroad and facing
difficulties. A variety of brochures, booklets, leaflets, and "The
Migration Bulletin" newspaper provide information on how to avoid
being trafficked, about relevant laws and regulations, IOM hot lines
operating in several countries, and the "Stop Traffic" hot line in
Kyrgyzstan. Also available is contact information for the offices of
the SCME, Kyrgyz diplomatic missions abroad and Kyrgyz Diasporas in
Russia. These materials are readily available at the office of the
"189" hot line and at five labor migrant support centers (four in
Kyrgyzstan and one in Yekaterinburg, Russia).

-- In June 2006, the government, jointly with IOM and several
foreign donors, began USAID-sponsored TIP information and victims
assistance campaigns. During the reporting period, the government
continued to support these programs. As part of the campaign, the
government provided office space and allocated a toll-free phone
line (189 in Bishkek, Karakol, Talas, Osh and Jalalabad, or 104 in
Naryn and Batken), which offered information in Kyrgyz and Russian
languages about regulations and laws for labor migrants and tips
about employment opportunities abroad. Since the hot line was
established, over 1,000 people have received advice and
consultations.

-- In November 2006, Golden Goal and the OSCE launched a
website (http://www.antitraffickingdolina.net) aimed
primarily at Ferghana Valley residents. The website provides
information on combating trafficking, including
anti-trafficking programs implemented in the region, helpline
information for TIP victims, relevant laws on trafficking and other
useful information. The site also serves as a venue for information

BISHKEK 00000211 015.4 OF 017

sharing between Kyrgyz, Uzbek and Tajik NGOs involved in
anti-trafficking activities.

-- In December 2006, the NGO "Podruga" and the OSCE conducted a
seminar in Osh for local officials, representatives of law
enforcement bodies and NGOs of three southern provinces to discuss
ways of cooperation between authorities and civil society in
combating TIP.

-- In February 2007, Golden Goal conducted a regional
conference in Osh, "Enhancement of Regional Cooperation
between NGOs of Central Asia in Combating Human Trafficking".
Sponsored by the Canadian Government, participants of the event
included representatives of NGOs, law enforcement agencies and local
government officials from Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and
Uzbekistan.

-- IOM continued a 27-month USAID-funded Program on Combating
Trafficking in Human Beings.

-- The Eurasia Foundation Office in Bishkek continued
implementing a project to support Kyrgyz labor migrants.
Through four NGO partners, Eurasia Foundation provided legal advice
to labor migrants, assisted the SCME in developing public policy and
assessed training needs of Kyrgyz labor migrants.

-- Public schools and higher educational institutions either have a
separate course on TIP in their curriculum or discuss TIP issues as
part of courses on "Safe Life and Basics of Healthy Lifestyles."
The school course on "We and the Law" contains a two-hour session on
preventing TIP.

-- The president appointed a representative in the parliament for
gender issues. The responsibility of this official is to ensure that
all legislative acts give due respect to the rights of women.

--The government continued to support several programs aimed at,
among other things, keeping children in school. Such programs are:
the New Generation, Jashtyk (Youth), Jetkinchek (Access to
Education).

--The State Commission on the Affairs of Under-Age Children
disseminates information nationwide regarding children's rights.

C. What is the relationship between government
officials, NGOs, other relevant organizations and other
elements of civil society on the trafficking issue?

According to NGO representatives, relations between
government officials, NGOs, other relevant organizations and other
elements of civil society on the trafficking issue were good.
Throughout the year, the government repeatedly directed government
agencies at all levels to cooperate actively with and assist NGOs
working on fighting TIP. Although lack of resources at every level
limited the
government's ability to combat all forms of crime, including TIP,
the government displayed a willingness to work closely with NGOs
around the country on prevention programs, mainly in the form of
educational and information campaigns and training for police,
office of the prosecutor and other government officials.

Representatives of central and local governments frequently
participated in anti-trafficking programs carried out by
NGOs, provided grantees free space for conducting trainings
and seminars, and assisted in organizing events and
advertising for them. NGOs working on trafficking issues
reported that they are generally satisfied with the level of
cooperation they receive from both national and local
government agencies as well as law enforcement bodies. The
director of the Sezim shelter recognized the improvement of
relations between NGOs and law enforcement agencies, which
often seek advice on how to handle TIP issues and refer
victims to shelters.

BISHKEK 00000211 016.4 OF 017

D. Does the government monitor immigration and
emigration patterns for evidence of trafficking? Do law
enforcement agencies screen for potential trafficking
victims along borders?

The State Committee on Migration and Employment (SCME) routinely
tracks migration and foreign employment data as part of its mandate.
While the main focus is not fighting TIP, the SCME uses the data it
collects in its anti-TIP efforts. Efforts were made in the fall of
2007 to begin to track the number of Kyrgyz citizens abroad.
According to press reports, the Parliamentary committee on migration
was tasked with conducting a census on the number of Kyrgyz citizen
abroad. Press reports and official statement state that
approximately 400,000 - 500,000 Kyrgyz citizens work abroad.

E. Is there a mechanism for coordination and
communication between various agencies, internal,
international, and multilateral on trafficking-related
matters, such as a multi-agency working group or a task
force? Does the government have a trafficking in persons
working group or single point of contact? Does the
government have a public corruption task force?

Under the offices of the First Deputy Prime Minister, there is a
National Council on Fighting Human Trafficking which consists of
representatives from various government agencies and NGOs. However
the National Council has not met for more than two years. In
actuality, the State Committee on Migration and Employment (SCME) is
the functioning government body that coordinates for communication
and coordination.

At a recent meeting with the new Deputy Chairman for the SCME, post
learned that the SCME is in the process of drafting new anti-TIP
legislation. The proposed legislation will appoint the SCME as the
coordinating organization for all anti-TIP efforts. A new anti-TIP
working group will be established to increase inter-agency
cooperation and efficiency with the SCME as the leading agency.

F. Does the government have a national plan of action to
address trafficking in persons?

In 2002, the First Prime Minister's Office created the National
Council on Fighting Human Trafficking which has representatives from
the State Committee for Migration and Employment Issues (SCME), the
Ministry of Interior, the Office of the Prosecutor General, the
National Security Service, the National Border Service, the Customs
Agency, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Education,
the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection, the Ministry of Health,
and local administrations of local self-governance bodies.

According to Deputy Chairman Toktosun of the SCME, the Kyrgyz
Parliament and SCME are drafting a new anti-TIP National Action
plan. As stated above, this action plan will establish the SCME as
the lead anti-TIP agency and coordinating body, establish a regular
anti-TIP working group and build upon the previous National Action
Plan's delineation of responsibilities amongst Kyrgyz government
agencies.

The previous law, the Law on Prevention and Combating Trafficking in
Persons stipulates the legal aspects of preventing and combating
trafficking, provides guidelines for coordination of the efforts of
law enforcement agencies involved in such activities, outlines
measures for victim protection and support, and designates a special
entity for preventing and fighting TIP, which consists of
representatives of the government, NGOs and international
organizations. According to the law, the responsibilities of this
entity include: developing and implementing the state policy on
fighting trafficking; gathering and analyzing the information
regarding the magnitude and trends in trafficking; overseeing the
operation of agencies and institutions tasked with prevention and
fighting TIP; participating in drafting TIP-related international
documents; making proposals on improving existing TIP-related laws;

BISHKEK 00000211 017.4 OF 017

and organizing TIP-awareness campaigns. The law describes specific
functions of the following governmental agencies involved in
anti-TIP activities: the Office of the Prosecutor General, the
Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the
National Security Service, the National Border Service, the Customs
Agency, the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection, the Ministry of
Education, the Ministry of Health, and local administrations. The
law includes measures for victim protection.

G. As part of the new criteria added to the TVPA's minimum standards
by the 2005 TVPRA, what measures has the government taken during the
reporting period to reduce the demand for commercial sex acts?

Kyrgyzstan has continued to prosecute cases under existing
legislation. No new initiatives have been taken during this
reporting period.

H. As part of the new criteria added to the TVPA's minimum standards
by the 2005 TVPRA, what measures has the government taken during the
reporting period to reduce the participation in international child
sex tourism by nationals of the country?

Nationals of Kyrgyzstan are not reported as participating in
international child sex tourism.

I. Required of posts in countries that have contributed
over 100 troops to international peacekeeping efforts: What measures
has the government adopted to ensure that its nationals who are
deployed abroad as part of a peacekeeping or other similar mission
do not engage in or facilitate severe forms of trafficking or
exploit victims of such trafficking?

Kyrgyzstan does not contribute 100 or more troops to any
international peacekeeping efforts.

Yovanovitch

© Scoop Media