University of Canterbury researchers have published the world’s first study confirming the discovery of microplastics in
fresh snow in Antarctica.
Most people see Antarctica as a pristine, relatively untouched place, but a new study published today has revealed the
presence of microplastics – plastic pieces much smaller than a grain of rice – in freshly fallen Antarctic snow for the
first time.
These findings, ‘First evidence of microplastics in Antarctic snow’ published in the scientific journal The Cryosphere, bring light to a serious threat to the Antarctic. Research has found that microplastics have negative impacts on
environmental health (limiting growth, reproduction, and general biological functions in organisms, as well as negative
implications for humans). On a wider scale, the presence of microplastic particles in the air has the potential to
influence the climate by accelerating melting of snow and ice.
University of Canterbury PhD student Alex Aves collected snow samples from the Ross Ice Shelf in Antarctica in late 2019
as part of Gateway Antarctica’s Postgraduate Certificate of Antarctic Studies. (Gateway Antarctica is the Centre for Antarctic Studies and Research at the University of Canterbury.) At the time, there had been few
studies investigating the presence of microplastics in the air, and it was unknown how widespread this problem was.
“When Alex travelled to Antarctica in 2019, we were optimistic that she wouldn’t find any microplastics in such a
pristine and remote location,” Associate Professor in Environmental Physics Dr Laura Revell says. In addition to more remote sites, “we asked her to collect snow off the Scott Base and McMurdo Station roadways,
so she’d have at least some microplastics to study”.
Once back in the lab, it quickly became obvious there were plastic particles in every sample from the remote sites on
the Ross Ice Shelf too, and that the findings would be of global significance.
Aves, who recently graduated with a Master of Antarctic Studies degree with Distinction, says she was shocked by her
findings.
“It’s incredibly sad but finding microplastics in fresh Antarctic snow highlights the extent of plastic pollution into
even the most remote regions of the world,” she says. “We collected snow samples from 19 sites across the Ross Island
region of Antarctica and found microplastics in all of these.”
“Looking back now, I’m not at all surprised,” Associate Professor Revell says. “From the studies published in the last
few years we’ve learned that everywhere we look for airborne microplastics, we find them.”
Aves analysed snow samples using a chemical analysis technique (micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) to
identify the type of plastic particles present. The plastic particles were also looked at under a microscope to identify
their colour, size and shape – all important observational information for future work.
The paper found an average of 29 microplastic particles per litre of melted snow, which is higher than marine
concentrations reported previously from the surrounding Ross Sea and in Antarctic sea ice.
Immediately next to the scientific bases on Ross Island, Scott Base, and McMurdo Station, the largest station in
Antarctica, the density of microplastics was nearly 3-times higher, with similar concentrations to those found in
Italian glacier debris. There were 13 different types of plastic found, with the most common being PET, commonly used to
make soft drink bottles and clothing.
The possible sources of microplastics were examined. Atmospheric modelling suggested microplastics may have travelled
thousands of kilometres through the air, however it is equally likely the presence of humans in Antarctica has
established a microplastic ‘footprint’, the researchers say.
Antarctica New Zealand environmental advisor Natasha Gardiner has described this UC research as “of huge value”.
“Alex and her colleagues’ research enables Antarctic Treaty Parties to make evidence-based decisions regarding the
urgent need to reduce plastic pollution in the future. It improves our understanding of the extent of plastic pollution
near to Scott Base and where it’s coming from. We can use this information to reduce plastic pollution at its source and
inform our broader environmental management practices,” she says.
“Importantly, this research project also informs policy at the international level, and we have submitted a paper on the
findings to the forthcoming Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting.”
This research was supported by the Royal Society Te Apārangi and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, and the
field work was completed through the University of Canterbury's Postgraduate Certificate of Antarctic Studies course
with logistical support from Antarctica New Zealand.