A Kiwi research team has weighed up rapid testing choices. Rapid antigen tests may miss up to 44% of cases – but this
can be partly offset with more frequent testing, and appropriate use.
Standard PCR tests take hours in the lab to confirm a result. The team revealed that a rapid-PCR test – delivering
results in 20 minutes – was just as sensitive as the gold-standard nose swab currently used in New Zealand, however the
researchers say this test isn’t useful for testing large numbers at once.
The SMC asked the study’s authors to comment on their research.
Dr Gary McAuliffe, Auckland-based clinical microbiologist and senior author on this paper, comments:
Note: Dr McAuliffe is a co-author of this paper.
“The purpose of the paper was to look at how well these types of tests would pick up people infected with COVID-19, and
to look at current and future ‘use-cases’ for them. Clearly, the situation has changed in New Zealand since we wrote the
paper, but the discussion looks at use-cases in the scenarios we are now encountering: resource-constrained with higher
prevalence of COVID-19 in Auckland and the Waikato, and lower rates elsewhere.
“The data we have gathered here is useful to help inform choices for hospitals looking at expanding their rapid-PCR
capacity and for rapid antigen testing. It provides some estimates of how they would perform in picking up infected
individuals, as well as some use scenarios that are currently underway or under consideration. This information is
relevant to our current situation as there has been a fast move towards rapid antigen testing in scenarios such as those
we explore in our paper.”
What did you learn about rapid-PCR tests? What are the main advantages and drawbacks?
“We looked at three rapid-PCR tests which were new to NZ at the time, and found that performance was variable dependent
on the product. The advantages were an answer in 20 minutes, they are very useful for quick decision-making, and they
are very suitable for testing people in hospitals to help decide on patient management pathways. However, as a single
test can only be processed at a time, these aren’t suitable for testing large numbers of people at once.”
What did you learn about rapid antigen tests? What are the main advantages and drawbacks?
“Sensitivity is significantly lower than for PCR methods, which means you will miss some infected people. We looked at
this against prior (pre-Delta) outbreaks and found this could be up to 45% of cases. This is the main limitation –
though this can be offset to some extent by choosing the right scenarios and groups of people to use it in, and by more
frequent testing.
“There are definite advantages to rapid antigen tests in our current situation as resource constraints are less of an
issue compared with PCR, particularly if an individual is able to do their own testing. Quality, training and recording
of results are very important factors in their successful use and in understanding their impact; in particular, it is
really important to have a mechanism to assess the whether rapid antigen tests, which if used widely do come at
significant financial cost, prove worthwhile in reducing transmission.”
Which of the studied tests have been approved for use in New Zealand? How could rapid testing be more widely used
currently or in future?
“The ‘Liats’ and ‘IDNows’ are both in use in New Zealand hospitals now; these rapid PCR machines and others are critical
for hospital management of patients and given supply constraints, labs are actively looking for more alternatives.
“The Carestart, Abbott and Roche rapid antigen tests are in use in various pilots. As detailed in our paper, these may
be useful for one-off testing at mass gatherings, or serial testing in educational, social care, and hospital settings.
Outside the public arena, businesses may wish to consider testing staff as part of other COVID-19 mitigation measures.”
Would you suggest any changes to New Zealand’s current testing policy?
“Our testing strategy is changing to meet changes in prevalence and public health strategy; however it is very important
that any changes in strategy are clearly articulated to the public, and performed in a planned and cohesive manner. At
the same time it is necessary and appropriate to do this urgently to reduce current pressures on laboratories, allowing
them to focus on high-consequence testing to support the public health response and healthcare settings. It is clear
that rapid antigen testing could replace a significant proportion of asymptomatic testing currently being performed by
PCR in the community.”
No conflict of interest declared. Dr McAuliffe is a co-author of this paper.
Associate Professor James Ussher, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, comments:
Note: Associate Professor Ussher is a co-author of this paper.
“Rapid ‘nucleic acid amplification’ tests (which includes rapid-PCR) for the SARS-CoV-2 virus are critical for keeping
our hospitals functioning. Unfortunately, there is an ongoing global shortage of these types of tests, which is unlikely
to be resolved in the short term. Therefore, it is critical that we continue to assess new products as they become
available and to compare their sensitivity.
“Rapid antigen tests are also likely to play an increasing role in testing as we learn to live with COVID-19. There is,
however, marked variation in the performance of rapid antigen tests. Things have moved on since our paper, however it’s
important to recognise the various advantages and limitations of rapid antigen testing.
“In particular, rapid antigen tests are less sensitive compared with nucleic acid amplification tests, such as PCR, and
they are also less specific – which can lead to false-positive results, especially in a low-prevalence setting. These
factors influence the choice of tests and the use scenarios in practice.”
Conflict of interest statement: Associate Professor Ussher is Science Director of the Government-funded Vaccine Alliance
Aotearoa New Zealand – Ohu Kaupare Huaketo, a partnership between the University of Otago, the Malaghan Institute and
Victoria University of Wellington. He is also on the Government’s COVID-19 Vaccine Science and Technical Advisory Group.
Associate Professor Ussher is a co-author on this paper.