The EPA has decided to gradually phase out use of methyl bromide gas by 2033.
The ozone-depleting gas is used in New Zealand to kill pests from trade cargo, almost exclusively to sterilise logs and
export timber. The EPA says New Zealand’s use of the toxic gas increased by 66 percent between 2010 and 2019, and that we’re out of step with other countries who are lowering use.
The SMC asked experts to comment.
Dr Olaf Morgenstern, Principal Scientist – Atmosphere and Climate, NIWA, comments:
“The Montreal Protocol is the international treaty, signed in 1985, which seeks to phase out ozone-depleting substances
such as methyl bromide. Importantly, it has provided exceptions for ‘quarantine and pre-shipment’ uses, which
essentially mean that logs and some other commodities exported from and imported into New Zealand continue to be
fumigated using methyl bromide.
“In fact, despite the Protocol calling on countries to work towards minimising its usage, NZ’s usage of methyl bromide
has grown sharply over the past 10 to 20 years, thanks mostly to soaring exports of logs, making NZ one of the biggest
remaining users of this gas, despite the comparatively modest size of our economy.
“EPA’s decision to phase out this usage is in line with our obligations under the Montreal Protocol; it is serving
notice that it’s time to get serious about alternatives. Globally, industrial emissions of methyl bromide have fallen
considerably over the past two decades, particularly in Europe which now regularly reports zero emissions, making the
New Zealand emissions look particularly incongruous.
“EPA’s decision is sending the right signal to industry which now needs consider alternatives. Whatever insecticides are
used instead, however. could also have negative impacts on the environment or human health.”
No conflict of interest
Dr Belinda Cridge, toxicologist, Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ESR), comments:
“In my opinion, the outcome of the reassessment is a somewhat pragmatic decision by the New Zealand Environmental
Protection Agency (NZ EPA) which highlights the pressing need for relevant research into recapture technologies and
replacements for methyl bromide.
“Methyl bromide is used as a fumigant to control insects and its use has grown since the previous EPA assessment in
2010. Methyl bromide is a neurotoxin, respiratory toxin, and possible carcinogen (rated as not classifiable as to its
carcinogenicity by the International Agency for Research on Cancer in 1999). It is also a potent greenhouse gas and is
regulated under the Montreal Protocol, which directs that methyl bromide’s use in developed countries should be phased
out.
“The NZ EPA has acknowledged both the human and environmental toxicity associated with this chemical and has tried to
balance this with commercial concerns, essentially resulting in a delayed phase-out period for methyl bromide’s
recapture and replacement.
“The NZ EPA decision highlights the need for research to ensure re-capture technologies or alternatives for use in New
Zealand are developed urgently to avoid further ongoing risk of toxicity to humans and the planet from methyl bromide
use.”
Conflict of interests: “While I have no conflicts through my work or academic interests I am married to a scientist
employed at Scion within the entomology team. I have no direct knowledge of Scion’s research into methyl bromide, its
re-capture or replacements but I would anticipate that employees of Scion are actively involved with this research.”
Professor Ian Shaw, Professor of Toxicology, University of Canterbury, comments:
“NZ signed the Montreal Protocol – an international treaty to protect the ozone layer. It was originally negotiated in
1987, but has had numerous revisions, including the addition of methyl bromide in 1990 with a view to its complete phase
out by 2005.
“Despite this, NZ has extended the use of methyl bromide for export wood fumigation several times. This is unacceptable
both on environmental (we claim to be clean and green) and human health grounds, and because we reneged on an
international agreement.
“What are the implications of our continued use of methyl bromide? There is no doubt that it is an important compliance
pesticide for our wood export industry and so has economic benefit. However, on the risk side, it is amongst the most
powerful ozone depleters, it is highly toxic to humans at high doses, and at low repeat doses it can have long-term
neurological effects.
“The way methyl bromide gas is used in our ports is highly questionable: good practice dictates that it should be vented
high into the atmosphere to minimise human exposure. In NZ, it is often released into tarpaulin-covered log piles, and
then because the gas is heavy it accumulates in low areas around the port. This means that human exposure is likely.
“The EPA’s decision to phase out methyl bromide by 2033 is 28 years overdue, and is another example of the EPA putting
unacceptable weight on primary industry economics in their risk assessments.”
No conflict of interest declared.
Dr Laura Revell, Senior Lecturer in Environmental Physics, University of Canterbury, comments:
“Methyl bromide is toxic to humans and damaging to the stratospheric ozone layer, which protects us from harmful UV-B
radiation. The use of methyl bromide is controlled by the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, however it is exempt from the Protocol when used as a fumigant for quarantine and pre-shipment purposes. Nonetheless,
Parties to the Protocol are encouraged to minimise the use of methyl bromide wherever possible.
“Various alternatives have been approved for use in other countries, including irradiation, cold and heat treatments,
phosphine, sulfuryl fluoride, ethanedinitrile, and ethyl formate. When it comes to international trade, replacing methyl
bromide is not straightforward since the alternative needs to be approved as a fumigant by both countries involved.
“New Zealand plans to prevent methyl bromide emissions from escaping into the atmosphere by implementing technology to
recapture emissions. Previously a 10-year deadline was set to do so; until 2020. Given that the 2020 deadline was not
met, and has now been extended out to 2033, it is difficult to get a sense of how seriously the new deadline will be
heeded or enforced.
“As New Zealand is the fifth-largest user of quarantine and pre-shipment methyl bromide, reducing our emissions will
make a difference globally. Atmospheric modelling shows that reducing methyl bromide emissions would accelerate healing
of the ozone layer. Therefore, the decision to extend the phase-out of methyl bromide weakens the contribution that New
Zealand makes to solving a global environmental issue, along with prolonging local issues relating to air quality and
health.”
No conflict of interest.