First tracking of yellow-eyed penguin juveniles to learn more about survival rates
A select group of this season’s yellow-eyed penguin/hoiho chicks are having their first expeditions into the ocean
remotely tracked, as University of Otago researchers investigate dramatically declining survival rates of the endangered
species.
Improvements in tracking technology has made the research possible, with transmitters now small enough to fit on
yellow-eyed penguins.
Each of the 23 penguins involved in the study is equipped with a satellite tag, transmitting messages to overhead
satellites, which triangulate the penguin’s position on the ocean’s surface. Some of the devices are able to send stored
GPS positions by text message every two days. The tags are attached to the bird’s lower back using cloth tape under a
small patch of feathers, and are secured with cable ties.
For Zoology PhD candidate Mel Young, this research has been a long time coming. Young has been involved with yellow-eyed
penguin conservation and research for over 13 years, and is anxiously watching this season’s cohort of chicks as they
transition to independence.
“We’ve seen a large decline in the number of young birds surviving to adulthood, and as a result the number of recruits
has halved over a 70-year period,” says Young.
Ornithologist Lance Richdale studied yellow-eyed penguins from 1936 to 1952, recording survival of penguins up to one
year of age (juveniles) at 32%, and subsequent recruitment to breed as adults at 26%.
Recent research by the University of Otago indicates a decline in both juvenile survival (to 20%) and recruitment to
breed (to 12%).
“The current recruitment rate is unsustainable. Breeding adults need to be replaced. We need to find out which factors
are shaping juvenile survival of yellow-eyed penguins at this critical life stage,” Young says.
Associate Professor Yolanda van Heezik of the University’s Department of Zoology says:
“It’s only in recent years that tracking technology has become small enough that we can safely carry out this kind of
study – it has been very exciting seeing just where these young birds go”.
Penguin tracking is expensive. Grants and donations were used to buy 20 satellite tags for this season’s research, with
last season’s pilot study being funded by the Conservation Services Programme, Department of Conservation.
China Travel Services, The Antarctic Research Trust, Birds New Zealand, Save the Otago Peninsula Incorporated Society,
and the South Otago and Southland branches of Forest and Bird contributed to funding this season’s satellite tags. The
research is a collaboration with the Department of Conservation.
At this stage, 15 of 23 penguins have moved away from the areas in which they were hatched, heading north up the east
coast of the South Island. One Catlins penguin, known as Takaraha, has travelled over 470 kilometres. Over the weekend,
Takaraha rounded Banks Peninsula, and latest data shows Takaraha 10 nautical miles east of Gore Bay.
Professor Phil Seddon of Otago’s Department of Zoology says people on or around the coast can play an important part in
the research.
“We hope members of the public can assist us in this research by reporting any sightings of a penguin with a tracker on.
It’s important that people don’t try to approach any penguins however, but rather just leave them alone, and contact
us,” Professor Seddon says.
University of Otago Zoology researcher Dr Thomas Mattern says the study will provide crucial data to assist in
pinpointing the factors leading to early deaths in yellow-eyed penguins.
“Survival rates in the first year of a yellow-eyed penguin’s life are very low. It is vital to determine where they go
during that period in order to do what we can to improve their chances. There is quite some urgency, as we are facing
the loss of the species from the New Zealand mainland in the next few decades,” Mattern says.
Though the situation is concerning, Young feels optimistic about the yellow-eyed penguins’ future.
“We can use the data from satellite tracking to improve our understanding of important foraging areas and influence the
management of regional threats to juvenile survival at these locations. Stopping the decline of yellow-eyed penguins
relies on evidence-based decision-making, and the University of Otago is doing its part to gather that evidence.”