Risks to world’s penguin populations analysed
University of Otago researchers are among the co-authors of a major study of all of the world’s different penguin
species that suggests that these birds are at continuing risk from habitat degradation.
Writing in the journal Conservation Biology, Otago Professors Philip Seddon and Lloyd Davis, along with other
internationally renowned scientists, recommend establishing more marine protected areas to help mitigate against a range
of effects including food scarcity (where fisheries compete for the same resources), being caught in fishing nets, oil
pollution and climate change.
Consultants and Otago Zoology researchers Dr Ursula Ellenberg and Dr Thomas Mattern are also study co-authors.
Populations of many penguin species have declined substantially over the past two decades. In 2013, eleven species were
listed as “threatened” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), two as “near threatened” and five
as “of least concern”. In order to understand how they might respond to further human impacts on the world’s oceans, the
scientists examined all eighteen species by looking at different factors where human activity might interfere with their
populations. Forty-nine scientists contributed to the overall process.
They considered all the main factors affecting penguin populations including; terrestrial habitat degradation, marine
pollution, fisheries bycatch and resource competition, environmental variability, climate change and toxic algal
poisoning and disease. The group concludes that habitat loss, pollution, and fishing remain the primary concerns. They
report that the future resilience of penguin populations to climate change impacts will almost certainly depend upon
addressing current threats to existing habitat degradation on land and at sea.
The group of scientists recommends that the protection of penguin habitats is crucial for their future survival. This
could be in the form of appropriately scaled marine reserves, including some in the high seas, in areas beyond national
jurisdiction.
Dr Phil Trathan, Head of Conservation Biology at the British Antarctic Survey and the lead author of the study, said:
“Penguins and humans often compete for the same food, and some of our other actions also impinge upon penguins. Our
research highlights some of the issues of conservation and how we might protect biodiversity and the functioning of
marine ecosystems.
“Whilst it is possible to design and implement large-scale marine conservation reserves it is not always practical or
politically feasible. However, there are other ecosystem-based management methods that can help maintain biodiversity
and a healthy ecosystem.
“For example, the use of spatial zoning to reduce the overlap of fisheries, oil rigs and shipping lanes with areas of
the ocean used by penguins; the use of appropriate fishing methods to reduce the accidental bycatch of penguins and
other species; and, the use of ecologically based fisheries harvesting rules to limit the allowable catches taken by
fishermen, particularly where they target species that are also food for penguins”.
The scientists believe their work will be of benefit to other studies of animal species in both the southern and
northern hemispheres.
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