Unscrambling Moa Eggs - Dads Kept The Eggs Warm And Tried Not To Break Them
One of the moa eggs used in the research
Males of the now-extinct moa appear to have been stay-at-home dads responsible for keeping the eggs warm and, with some
of the most fragile eggs ever known, it was a delicate job.
This is according to the latest research by scientists from The University of Auckland, the Allan Wilson Centre, and
Auckland Museum in New Zealand and Griffith University in Australia, who recovered ancient DNA from moa egg shells
estimated to be between 400 and several thousand years old.
Genetic information from inside the shells allowed the scientists to match the eggs with seven of the ten known moa
species. Based on the thickness of the shells and the estimated weight of adults of each species, the researchers could
calculate the likelihood of the eggs being broken by males or females during incubation.
"The smallest species of moa weighed as little as 9kg and the largest up to 250kg but in most cases the females were
considerably heavier than the males - as much as twice the size," explains Dr Craig Millar from The University of
Auckland's School of Biological Sciences.
"In the larger species our calculations showed that females would almost certainly break their eggs if they used the
standard incubation method of sitting directly on top of them. The risk of breakage was also high for males but they
would have been a much safer bet than the females."
The task of incubation would have been especially difficult for one species of giant moa, with males weighing around
75kg and surprisingly fragile eggs. The shells were just 1.1mm thick - more typical of birds one third the size - and
were far more "breakable" than the eggs of any of the 3,434 bird species measured to date.
The conclusion that males were responsible for incubation was supported by male DNA found on the outer surface of egg
shells from three of the largest moa species, which could have been deposited only by direct contact, for example during
nesting.
The findings are also consistent with living members of the ratite family, such as the kiwi, emu, and cassowary, in
which the male is responsible for incubation.
"While it might be tempting to conclude that a tendency to break their eggs was the reason the moa died out, there is no
evidence to suggest that this is the case and it is widely believed that hunting and habitat destruction led to their
extinction," says Dr Millar. "However the research raises some interesting questions about how moa nested given the
fragility of their eggs."
"It is possible that the moa used an unusual method to get around this problem, such as building a nest that supported
their weight or wrapping around the egg rather than sitting on it, but there is no evidence to date to support this.
What little is known about moa nests suggests that they were simple scrapes in the ground."
This was the first time scientists could identify which species moa egg shells and fragments belonged to. Until now only
tentative matches have been made based on skeletal remains associated with three individual eggs.
It is only the second time anyone has recovered ancient DNA from egg shells, and the scientist were surprised to be able
to recover DNA from the outer surface after such a long time. They believe that the pores on the surface of the shells
may have trapped and protected the genetic material after it was deposited. The research has been published in the
latest issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science.
ENDS