The Treasury has published today a new Analytical Note by Tod Wright and Hien Nguyen, Fiscal incidence in New Zealand: The effects of taxes and benefits on household incomes in tax year 2018/19.
Analyses of the distributional impact of taxation and government spending typically focus on individuals’ and
households’ disposable incomes - the incomes they receive ‘in the hand’ after accounting for the income transfers they
receive from the government, minus the income taxes they pay.
In this Analytical Note the authors provide a more comprehensive account of the effect of government policies on
household incomes by including the taxes households pay on their consumption and the government expenditure on the
in-kind health and education benefits they receive, to estimate their so-called final incomes.
They report distributional results for household incomes, the taxation and spending components that contribute to them,
and the net fiscal impact of government spending and taxation on households. Key findings for the 2018/19 tax year
include:The inclusion of consumption taxes and government spending in-kind in the modelling of household incomes increases the
'equalising effect' of government policies.New Zealand Superannuation spending, and in-kind health and education spending, broadly decline with increasing
household income decile, but remain significant even at the top of the household income distribution.The average net fiscal impact on retired households is positive in all but the highest income decile, highlighting that
they typically receive more in government services than they contribute in taxes.
These findings reinforce the importance of considering likely increases in demand for resources as the population ages,
particularly for retirement benefits and healthcare, when looking forward.
Disclaimer: The views, opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this paper are strictly those
of the authors. They do not necessarily reflect the views of the New Zealand Treasury or the New Zealand Government. The
New Zealand Treasury and the New Zealand Government take no responsibility for any errors or omissions in, or for the
correctness of, the information contained in papers and articles.