New idea for a better world
New idea for a better world
A new idea, an ethical
approach to human rights, development and globalization to
replace neoliberalism, gives people a choice.
The ethical human rights approach is being supported on the social networking sites by the US government, the UN while the NZ government may be sympathetic.
The following, which includes a compilation of this support so far, including a number of NZ professionals, is a letter which seeks to make this choice widely known.
It is being first being sent to small groups which deal with children in the Christchurch earthquake zone where there would be most concern for the children’s future. It states:
With sufficient support a Member of Parliament could be persuaded to introduce a private member’s bill to have children’s rights included in the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 [see list of children’s rights omitted from bill of rights at the end of this letter].
It took many years for women and various racial groups to have their human rights recognized but children are unable to help themselves so really it constitutes a duty of adults to help them.
The exclusion of children’s rights from human rights law indicates, in my view, that children are seriously devalued in New Zealand society and this view is supported by the shocking social statistics (see NZ Social Statistics: too toxic for the young, anthony ravlich’s blog, guerilla media, www.guerillamedia.co.nz/content/nz-social-statistics-too-toxic-young ).
You could contact your Member of Parliament or perhaps pass this onto someone better able to.
This could also open discussion on the many other human rights omissions (more than half the human rights in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UDHR, have been omitted) as well as the ethical approach to human rights, development and globalization, which includes all the human rights, to replace neoliberalism, which involves many omissions.
The ethical human rights approach is now gaining support
from those in power in America and New Zealand on the social
networking sites (see below).
The major reason for this
support, as both NZ and the US pursue neoliberalism, is very
likely because the ethical approach to human rights,
development, and globalization is, to my knowledge, a new
idea, as yet untried.
It is based on an ethical
(non-political) interpretation of human rights (see embedded
tweet of support from the United Nations below).
And, in
my view, because this new idea was developed in this country
it would be best, with the consent of the people, if New
Zealand was the first adopt it not only in the interests of
New Zealanders but humanity as a whole.
The UDHR was
politicized from the beginning with the declaration signed
during the Cold War. It was divided into two covenants with
the West promoting civil and political rights (emphasizing
the dignity of self-help) while the Soviet bloc championed
economic, social and cultural rights (emphasizing survival
with dignity).
Whereas the ethical human rights approach
ensures, at the very least, the core minimum human rights in
the aspirational UDHR, thereby ensuring both survival with
dignity and the added dignity of self-help (without any form
of discrimination). Both of the latter are seen as required
for freedom, sufficient to enable individuals (and the
country) to reach full potential.
Late in the 1970s
neoliberalism, which requires many human rights omissions,
was introduced by Britain’s PM Margaret Thatcher and US
President Ronald Regan and following the collapse of the
Soviet bloc in 1989 it became the world’s dominant
ideology.
It was often said of neoliberalism that ‘there is no other way’ (TINA) but I believe, and the support is also indicating this, that the ethical human rights approach proves TINA wrong.
Consequently, I consider there will need to be a major rethink of the direction, which has been based on TINA, that New Zealand and the international community are taking such as regionalization e.g. the proposed East Asia regional bloc and the European Union, which is not required by the ethical human rights approach.
Those kept severely contained in States or regional blocs are very likely to fight for the ethical human rights approach using the social networking sites as is presently happening.
For example, the millennium development goals are meant to help the most disadvantaged in poorer regions such as East Asia but do not include a voice and other forms of self-help (as stated above for freedom to exist the ethical human rights approach requires both survival and self-help).
Also, the support for the ethical human rights approach also likely reflects a concern with the seeming Western decline as evidenced by the crisis in the European Union with ‘nil growth’ outcomes for States and worse (see below).
A further reason for the support the ethical human rights approach is receiving appears to be because a number of middle class, professionals, including NZ Members of Parliament, are being subjected to increasing containment (see below).
A media release by UNICEF NZ on 12 July 2012 describes its new briefing paper, entitled, ‘What will it take’, as containing the common themes from 80 organizations’ recent submissions to the Government’s Green Paper on Vulnerable Children.
UNICEF adds: “It is exceptionally rare for 80 well-established and highly credible organizations to come together as a unified voice, but the stark truth is that this could be our best, and maybe our last, chance to get it right for all of New Zealand’s children.
Furthermore UNICEF states: “All involved appreciate that the Government has taken this opportunity to focus on children and consider their needs, but we also want to ensure that any policy changes suggested are well considered and address all aspects of children’s wellbeing. It is of real concern to us that children are better off as a result of the forthcoming White Paper, and not actually disadvantaged.” (UNICEF Briefing Paper “What will it take” Green Paper response, Human Rights Network, 12 July 2012).
Expected in August, 2012, there has been a delay to the release of the Government’s while paper on vulnerable children with Social Development Minister Paula Bennett stating ‘she now doesn’t expect it to be released in August’ so there is time to communicate concerns regarding the omission of children’s rights (Delay to release of paper on vulnerable children, Newstalk ZB, July 22, 2012, http://nz.news.yahoo.com/a/-/top-stories/14332069/delay-to-release-of-paper-on-vulnerable-children/ ).
I also have serious concerns regarding the Green Paper which I do not think addresses the real causes of the problem which, in my view, are the human rights omissions, including children’s rights, in the bill of rights (see my article, ‘Ethical human rights likely to be many children’s and freedom’s last hope in New Zealand’, (http://www.guerillamedia.co.nz/content/ethical-human-rights-likely-be-many-childrens-and-freedoms-last-hope-new-zealand ).
Internationally New Zealand’s human rights image continues to decline. The human rights situation with respect to children in New Zealand is described by Child Rights International Network (CRIN) in ‘New Zealand: Persistent violations of children’s rights’ dated April 25, 2012, http://www.crin.org/resources/infodetail.asp?id=28253 .
New Zealand philanthropist Owen Glenn, who recently donated $80 million to address the violence problem in this country, described how ashamed he felt that New Zealand was the third worse country in the world for family violence and child abuse (‘Owen Glenn tackles domestic violence’, One News, July 17, 2012).
Also, a report recently released by the US State Department states ‘New Zealand is a source of underage girls for the sex trade and a destination for foreign workers subjected to forced labour on fishing boats’.
The State Department report states that New Zealand does not have comprehensive anti-trafficking laws and does not criminalize all forms of forced labour: "Although slavery is prohibited, its definition only covers situations of debt bondage and serfdom; thus, this prohibition does not cover forced labour obtained by means other than debt, law, customs, or agreement that prohibits a person leaving employment,".
It recommends that New Zealand enact law to prohibit and
adequately punish all forms of human trafficking. New
Zealand also needs to increase efforts to prosecute both sex
and labour trafficking offenders (US report identifies NZ
human trafficking, NZ Newswire Updated June 20, 2012, http://nz.news.yahoo.com/a/-/top-stories/13989794/us-report-identifies-nz-human-traffricking/
)
.
I consider that supporting the US State
Department’s view that New Zealand ‘does not criminalize
all forms of forced labour’ is the omission in the bill of
rights of section 8(1),(2),(3) of the International Covenant
on Civil and Political Rights (upon which the bill is based,
see title to the Act) which deals with slavery, servitude,
and ‘forced or compulsory labour’.
Children’s rights (in New Zealand children do not even possess the human right to a name) have been excluded from the bill of rights yet that the latter ‘constitutional law’ is far more effective in protecting children’s rights than ordinary law can be seen in the case of Ireland (see article cited below, ‘Hope in ChCh rebuilding…’).
Also, as my work shows it is those groups whose rights have been omitted from the bill of rights which have been most seriously neglected (see our submission to the United Nations, ‘New Zealanders Must 'Speak Out' About Omitted Rights Or Be Reduced To Mere 'Numbers'’, www.hrc2001.org.nz).
Both the New Zealand Human Rights Commission and Amnesty International (US) promote the inclusion of children’s rights as well as other rights (all of the rights in the case of Amnesty) but they are not reported in the mainstream media.
A number of professionals, some of whom I have made contact with in my human rights activities, joined me on linkedin (an internet social networking site mainly for professionals) even though I clearly state what our council stands for: ‘An ethical approach to human rights, development and globalization, for all, to replace neoliberalism, for ignorant bureaucratic elites’.
Chapter 5 of my book ‘Freedom from our social prisons: the rise of economic, social and cultural rights’ (Lexington Books, 2008), which was recommended on the United Nations website for about two years, shows that State bureaucratic elites, who devise human rights instruments at the United Nations, have been ensuring compatibility with neoliberalism, in my view, out of ignorance of the ethical human rights approach.
On linkedin an advisor from Prime Minister John Key’s office recently joined me temporarily after I circulated a recent article to nearly all MPs (see article cited below, ‘ Hope in Chch rebuilding…’). Also there is the former Chief NZ Human Rights Commissioner; one present Member of Parliament and a former Member of Parliament, some prominent lawyers and journalists, including mainstream, and other professionals (see anthony ravlich linkedin).
In addition, although not a New Zealander, on my linkedin there is the Founding President of PDHRE, recipient of the 2003 UN Award for outstanding achievement in the field of human rights, which is a major international human rights NGO, see www.pdhre.org .
And although not
on linkedin there is also the support of a distinguished New
Zealander Bryan Gould.
Gould is a former NZ Rhode
Scholar who joined the British Diplomatic Service in 1964.
He was a Labour Party MP in the UK for 16yrs, directed
Labour’s election campaign in 1987 and contested the
leadership in1992. From 1994 to 2004 he was Vice-Chancellor
of Waikato University. In 2005, he was made a Companion of
the New Zealand Order of Merit.
After reading my recent
article, ‘Hope in Chch rebuilding, ethical human rights
despite all attempts to crush human potential’ (http://www.guerillamedia.co.nz/content/hope-chch-rebuilding-ethical-huma...),
Gould
states:
“I read your article with interest and – as
you won’t be surprised to hear – not a little agreement.
I would strongly support your case for a stronger Bill of
Rights – one that
properly complied with the UN
Covenant. I hope your campaign succeeds,
though – as
you point out – the ranks of those who are concerned
about
such issues seem – in some senses – to be
getting thinner” (email, dated 18 May, 2012).
The
support by NZ professionals suggests a number may be
experiencing the effects of greater containment and
curtailment of their freedom of speech.
From my
experience professionals in the establishment will only very
rarely talk about the human rights omissions (see articles
cited below). Also, last May, 2012, I surveyed nearly all
MPs asking five human rights questions. I received 7
acknowledgements but only Judith Collins, Minister of
Justice, was prepared to answer any of the questions (which
she did in full).
This compares with in 1997 when I
conducted a one-question human rights survey of Members of
Parliament. I received 83 replies out of 119 MPs with 36
answering the question, indicating seemingly little to no
containment at that time. However now it appears our MPs are
being subjected to considerable containment.
There is
also major support for the ethical human rights approach on
twitter. They have embedded tweets of support for the
ethical human rights approach.
[Individuals or
organizations embed tweets because they support what you are
saying. They are displayed separately on the internet. For
the full list of support for the ethical human rights
approach google anthony ravlich twitter. Some embedded
tweets will be immediately displayed – click on ‘more
results from twitter.com’ for the full list of support].
Some of the major support are as follows:
The
following tweet was embedded by Save the Children with 415,
226 followers. Save the Children describes itself as the
leading independent organization creating lasting change for
children in need in the United States and around the
world.
:@SavetheChildren ethical human rights,
development, globalization to replace neo liberalism,
anthony ravlich's blog, guerilla media 13 Mar 12
The
Official Twitter account of the United Nations has 930,135
followers:
@UN ethical human rights,
development and globalization to replace neo liberalism,
anthony ravlich, http://www.hrc2001.org.nz 13 Mar 12
The following is the official U.S. Department of State
twitter. It has 302,030 followers:
@StateDept ethical human rights,
development and globalization to replace neo liberalism,
anthony ravlich, http://www.hrc2001.org.nz 13 Mar 12
The following was from the Official Twitter account of
the White House Open Government Initiative which has 484,120
followers:
@OpenGov ethical human rights,
development and globalization to replace neo liberalism,
anthony ravlich, http://www.hrc2001.org.nz 13 Mar 12
The Hill is a congressional newspaper that publishes
daily when Congress is in session. It has 248,804
followers:
@thehill ethical human rights,
development and globalization to replace neo liberalism,
anthony ravlich, http://www.hrc2001.org.nz 13 Mar 12
The following are from David Walker, former U.S.
Comptroller General, now standing as an independent
candidate in the present U.S Presidential elections. He has
2,289 followers:
@DraftWalker Will Obama release
human potential?Huge resist to v innov art hope/ethical
human rights,NZ, make US great http://www.guerillamedia.co.nz/content/hope-c
…7 May 12
@DraftWalker Gutless
Censorship-4yrs-Ethical Human Rights,Devel,Glob to replace
Neolib &now NGOs on internet last 2 art,http://www.guerillamedia.co.nz/blog/241
26 May 12
Team Mitch represents Mitch McConnell
a long-standing Republican from Kentucky. There are 1,470
followers:
@Team_Mitch Will Obama release
human potential?Huge resist to v innov artic hope/ethical
human rights,NZ, make US great http://www.guerillamedia.co.nz/content/hope-c
…7 May 12
@Team_Mitch Gutless
Censorship-4yrs-Ethical Human Rights,Devel,Glob to replace
Neolib & now NGOs on internet last 2 art,http://www.guerillamedia.co.nz/blog/241
26 May 12
Rick Perry is Governor of Texas and has
140,238 followers:
@GovernorPerry ethical human
rights, development and globalization to replace neo
liberalism, Anthony Ravlich http://www.hrc2001.org.nz 13 Mar 12
The following were embedded by Joyce Meyer, a
Charismatic Christian author and writer (also known to many
New Zealanders from her early morning TV show), who has
1,022,914 followers:
@JoyceMeyer world sitting on
social time bomb but people can't say no choice because can
fight for ethical human rts, devel and globalizat 8:01 AM -
5 Apr 12
@JoyceMeyer ethical human rights
bottom line, both survival and self-help equals freedom, for
all States, therefore fair competition10:43 PM - 15 Mar 12
The following provides breaking news about Hinduism
and has 40,732 followers:
@HinduismUpdate ethical human
rights, development, globalization to replace neo
liberalism, anthony ravlich's blog, guerilla media13 Mar
12
The following grassroots political organizations embedded tweets.
No Labels states they are about
‘the politics of problem solving. Stop fighting. Start
fixing’. It has 23,634 followers.
@NoLabelsOrg Gutless
Censorship-4yrs-Ethical Human Rights,Devel,Glob to replace
Neolib &now NGOs on internet last 2 art,http://www.guerillamedia.co.nz/blog/241
26 May 12
@NoLabelsOrg Ethical human
rights, development, and globalization to address crushing
of human potential, see http://www.guerillamedia.co.nz/content/hope-c
…4 May 12
@NoLabelsOrg Will Obama release
human potential?Huge resist to v innov article hope/ethical
human rights,NZ, make known http://www.guerillamedia.co.nz/content/hope-c
…7 May 12
Rise of the Centre describes itself
as ‘spearheading the rising Centrist, Independent and
Moderate Groundswell’. It has 21,081 followers.
@riseofthecenter ethical human
rights are,at least, core min of UDHR, neolib omit many rts
for elites, anthony ravlich's blog guerilla media13 Mar
12
There is also further support on anthony ravlich facebook..
As stated above this support may reflect a concern that neoliberalism is failing in the West. This is indicated by the number of States experiencing negative GDP growth in the first quarter 2012 , with the Euro area -0.1, UK 0.0, Greece -6.5, Spain -0.4, Portugal -2.2, Netherlands -1.1, Italy -1.4, Hungry -0.7, Czech Republic -0.7 (see Trading Economics 2012, http://www.tradingeconomics.com/gdp-growth-rates-list-by-country).
My articles (cited below) describe the exclusion of the rights concerned with ‘progress’ (e.g. the individual and collective rights to pursue one’s economic and social development) in the bill of rights, which if included, would help considerably to grow the knowledge and wealth of New Zealand, provide jobs and a future for the children.
At present New Zealand is averaging about 1.5% GDP growth over the past nine quarters (see Trading Economics 2012, cited above) and perhaps only saved from a ‘nil or minus GDP growth’ fate by the need to rebuild after the Christchurch earthquakes. The IMF states:
“The pace of New Zealand’s economic recovery is likely to remain modest. Output growth should pick up somewhat to 2 percent in 2012 as earthquake reconstruction spending gains pace, although the size and timing of this spending is still uncertain” (IMF 2102 Staff Report on NZ, Scoop, 8 June, 2012, http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO1206/S00179/imf-2012-staff-report-on-new-zealand.htm ).
Kea New Zealand, which conducts a five-yearly
‘census’ Every Kiwi Counts 2011,
found in
their on-line survey of over 15,000 New Zealanders living
offshore that 27% of respondents are currently looking for
jobs in New Zealand for themselves or others (Every Kiwi
Counts, Kea New Zealand, www.keanewzealand.com/ekc2 ).
.Kea New Zealand Global CEO Dr Sue Watson says of the results: “Our overseas respondents are not only searching for employment in New Zealand, they are also seven times as likely as those living here to have a post-graduate qualification. These results are showing us there is a real opportunity to reconnect with this talent pool of global Kiwis for the benefit of the New Zealand economy.”
Also, the survey shows nearly 46% of overseas-based
Kiwis in the survey report that they earn over NZ$100,000
per annum while one in five (21%) aged over 50 earn more
than NZ$200,000 per annum.
Dr Watson adds: “We now
know that over a quarter of overseas New Zealanders are
actively looking for jobs for themselves or others in New
Zealand, so there is a large connection and communication
job to be done if we are to entice those Kiwis looking to
return home”.
Based on my past research the number of
New Zealanders now living overseas is likely to be more than
one fifth of the population of 4.3 million (at one stage,
although now giving a much more conservative estimate, Kea
New Zealand suggested that as many as one million New
Zealanders live overseas). Also, see my article, ‘New
Zealanders must speak out about omitted rights or be reduced
to mere numbers’, www.guerillamedia.co.nz/content/new-zealanders-must-speak-out-about-omitted-rights-or-be-reduced-numbers
).
In my view, it would seem very likely if the
ethical human rights approach, with its emphasis on
bottom-up development, is adopted that many would return and
invest in small/medium business in New Zealand, including
Christchurch.
The following articles were those
subjected to considerable censorship on the internet:
‘Hope in Chch rebuilding, ethical human rights despite all
attempts to crush human potential’, http://www.guerillamedia.co.nz/content/hope-chch-rebuilding-ethical-human-rights-despite-all-attempts-crush-human-potential
, and ‘Distinguished NZer opens door for establishment to
debate ethical human rights and rights omissions’, http://www.guerillamedia.co.nz/content/distinguished-nzer-opens-door-establishment-debate-ethical-human-rights-and-rights-omissions
.
In my view, the major failure of neoliberalism was its
extreme top-down control, based on TINA, which greatly
underestimates the human spirit and that it only takes one
person with an independent mind in search of truth to take
society and the world forward to a better world. So children
should be able to ‘reach for the stars’.
Our council
has always had some support from the New Zealand Human
Rights Commission while Noam Chomsky, regarded as the top
intellectual of the twentieth century, has over the years
often read my articles and made comments.
If you are able, it would be very important to circulate this information as widely as possible – I have found that in providing people this choice I have also been empowered.
Children’s rights omitted from the bill of
rights
The following omissions from the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (which
the title to the NZ Bill of Rights Act 1990 describe as
being based upon) and the International Covenant on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (which the title to the
NZ Human Rights Act 1993 describe as also being based upon)
are largely specific to children.
However, they are
far from comprehensive as human rights are interdependent
and many of the other omissions such as ‘progress
rights’ (described above) also seriously impact on
children. Also, I see both sets of rights as interdependent
although civil and political rights emphasize the dignity of
self-help while economic, social and cultural rights
emphasize survival with dignity.
Civil and Political Rights
Article
23
1. The family is the natural and fundamental group
unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and
the State.
2. The right of men and women of marriageable
age to marry and to found a family shall be recognized.
3. No marriage shall be entered into without the free
and full consent of the intending spouses.
4. States
Parties to the present Covenant shall take appropriate steps
to ensure equality of rights and responsibilities of spouses
as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution. In
the case of dissolution, provision shall be made for the
necessary protection of any children.
Article 24
1. Every child shall have, without any
discrimination as to race, colour, sex, language, religion,
national or social origin, property or birth, the right to
such measures of protection as are required by his status as
a minor, on the part of his family, society and the State.
2. Every child shall be registered immediately after
birth and shall have a name.
3. Every child has the right
to acquire a nationality.
Economic, Social and
Cultural Rights.
Article 7
The States
Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of
everyone to the enjoyment of just and favourable conditions
of work which ensure, in particular:
(a) Remuneration
which provides all workers, as a minimum, with:
(i) Fair
wages and equal remuneration for work of equal value without
distinction of any kind, in particular women being
guaranteed conditions of work not inferior to those enjoyed
by men, with equal pay for equal work;
(ii) A decent
living for themselves and their families in accordance with
the provisions of the present Covenant;
(b) Safe and
healthy working conditions;
(c) Equal opportunity for
everyone to be promoted in his employment to an appropriate
higher level, subject to no considerations other than those
of seniority and competence;
(d ) Rest, leisure and
reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays
with pay, as well as remuneration for public holidays
Article 10
The States Parties to the
present Covenant recognize that:
1. The widest possible
protection and assistance should be accorded to the family,
which is the natural and fundamental group unit of society,
particularly for its establishment and while it is
responsible for the care and education of dependent
children. Marriage must be entered into with the free
consent of the intending spouses.
2. Special protection
should be accorded to mothers during a reasonable period
before and after childbirth. During such period working
mothers should be accorded paid leave or leave with adequate
social security benefits.
3. Special measures of
protection and assistance should be taken on behalf of all
children and young persons without any discrimination for
reasons of parentage or other conditions. Children and young
persons should be protected from economic and social
exploitation. Their employment in work harmful to their
morals or health or dangerous to life or likely to hamper
their normal development should be punishable by law. States
should also set age limits below which the paid employment
of child labour should be prohibited and punishable by law.
Article 11
1. The States Parties to
the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone to an
adequate standard of living for himself and his family,
including adequate food, clothing and housing, and to the
continuous improvement of living conditions. The States
Parties will take appropriate steps to ensure the
realization of this right, recognizing to this effect the
essential importance of international co-operation based on
free consent.
2. The States Parties to the present
Covenant, recognizing the fundamental right of everyone to
be free from hunger, shall take, individually and through
international co-operation, the measures, including specific
programmes, which are needed:
(a) To improve methods of
production, conservation and distribution of food by making
full use of technical and scientific knowledge, by
disseminating knowledge of the principles of nutrition and
by developing or reforming agrarian systems in such a way as
to achieve the most efficient development and utilization of
natural resources;
(b) Taking into account the problems
of both food-importing and food-exporting countries, to
ensure an equitable distribution of world food supplies in
relation to need.
Article 12
1. The States
Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of
everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard
of physical and mental health.
2. The steps to be taken
by the States Parties to the present Covenant to achieve the
full realization of this right shall include those necessary
for:
(a) The provision for the reduction of the
stillbirth-rate and of infant mortality and for the healthy
development of the child;
(b) The improvement of all
aspects of environmental and industrial hygiene;
(c) The
prevention, treatment and control of epidemic, endemic,
occupational and other diseases;
(d) The creation of
conditions which would assure to all medical service and
medical attention in the event of sickness.
Article
13
1. The States Parties to the present Covenant
recognize the right of everyone to education. They agree
that education shall be directed to the full development of
the human personality and the sense of its dignity, and
shall strengthen the respect for human rights and
fundamental freedoms. They further agree that education
shall enable all persons to participate effectively in a
free society, promote understanding, tolerance and
friendship among all nations and all racial, ethnic or
religious groups, and further the activities of the United
Nations for the maintenance of peace.
2. The States
Parties to the present Covenant recognize that, with a view
to achieving the full realization of this right:
(a)
Primary education shall be compulsory and available free to
all;
(b) Secondary education in its different forms,
including technical and vocational secondary education,
shall be made generally available and accessible to all by
every appropriate means, and in particular by the
progressive introduction of free education;
(c) Higher
education shall be made equally accessible to all, on the
basis of capacity, by every appropriate means, and in
particular by the progressive introduction of free
education;
(d) Fundamental education shall be encouraged
or intensified as far as possible for those persons who have
not received or completed the whole period of their primary
education;
(e) The development of a system of schools at
all levels shall be actively pursued, an adequate fellowship
system shall be established, and the material conditions of
teaching staff shall be continuously improved.
3. The
States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to have
respect for the liberty of parents and, when applicable,
legal guardians to choose for their children schools, other
than those established by the public authorities, which
conform to such minimum educational standards as may be laid
down or approved by the State and to ensure the religious
and moral education of their children in conformity with
their own convictions.
4. No part of this article shall
be construed so as to interfere with the liberty of
individuals and bodies to establish and direct educational
institutions, subject always to the observance of the
principles set forth in paragraph I of this article and to
the requirement that the education given in such
institutions shall conform to such minimum standards as may
be laid down by the State.
ends