Taxpayers Face $1.1 Billion Kyoto Liability After ETS Charges Paid
New Zealand’s failure to reduce emissions to its Kyoto Protocol target means the taxpayer still faces a $1.1 billion net
liability after all the ETS charges have been paid. The ultimate figure depends on future carbon prices and it could be
as much as $5.7 billion, based on Treasury advice.
Years of narrow accounting, which had given the impression that the government was at various times in credit under the
Protocol, has finally been abandoned – at least in part. This year’s Budget broke with the past by recording key
deforestation liabilities on the books, thereby signalling the real cost of New Zealand’s 22% overshoot of its Kyoto
target.
This Budget entry officially scotches the myth that the government faces no financial impacts under the Protocol because
it can rely on offsetting credits from plantation forests. Those plantation forests are earning credits now, but the
credits must be paid back when the trees are harvested in the 2020s. Using these credits to pay the Kyoto bill is the
equivalent of putting the cost of these emissions on the plastic for the next generation to pick up.
The unfolding story of the Kyoto liability is one of the issues detailed in a book on the emissions trading scheme
released today: The Carbon Challenge, by Geoff Bertram and Simon Terry.
The 2010 Budget’s inclusion of a contingent liability for harvesting forests that are earning credits today is an
important step, but it covers only the five years to 2012. What the Budget failed to show is that the next period from
2013 to 2020 will be even more costly. New Zealand is actively negotiating a new international commitment that it
expects will involve a stricter emissions target, while official projections are for the nation’s emissions to keep
rising and carbon prices to also go up.
During that period there will be an even larger volume of forest credits earned by New Zealand and a corresponding
contingent liability for their harvesting, which the Budget still does not record. This is despite an earlier Treasury
statement that it “will be necessary to recognise” a contingent liability right out to 2020. While the detail of the
international commitment New Zealand will take on remains to be agreed, based on pledges to date and the current ETS
settings, there would again be a very significant taxpayer liability after all ETS charges are paid.
The ETS simply fails to collect enough revenue to cover expected international commitments. During the first Kyoto
period, after all the exemptions, rebates and compensation payments are allowed for, the Government will receive just 12
million emission units net under the ETS, with each unit accounting for a tonne of greenhouse gas emissions. Compared to
the current estimate for the Kyoto liability of 69 megatonnes (Mt), the ETS will reduce this by only a sixth during the
Kyoto period.
Over 80% of the liability will fall to future taxpayers. 2
The Budget lists, as a contingent liability, the need to cover 86.1 Mt of emissions resulting from harvesting forests
that earn credits between 2008 and 2012. On the basis of the low carbon price of $20.29/tonne used in the Budget, it
puts the gross liability for this at $1.747 billion.
The deficit from the Kyoto agreement however is only 69 Mt and once ETS revenue equal to 12 Mt is accounted for, the
shortfall of 57 Mt represents a net Kyoto liability of $1.1 billion. Yet the Treasury warned in July 2009 that carbon
prices could go as high as $100/tonne, and so the net liability could be as much as $5.7 billion.
During the next period from 2013 to 2020, the Treasury has projected a related contingent liability of roughly another
100 Mt. On that basis, the Budget should also show a further entry for this of about $2 billion at the $20/tonne carbon
price. It is possible that certain forests that are earning credits today will never be cut down, but there is no
scenario under current government policy in which forest owners do not need to be paid for the newly stored carbon in
those forests.
For today’s polluters to meet today’s emissions bill, total ETS charges would need to rise a great deal. Households and
small businesses are paying their fair share of the Kyoto liability, but major industrials and pastoral farmers receive
heavy discounts at the taxpayers’ expense.
These subsidies and other compensation arrangements dominate the ETS flows such that only one in five of each dollar
charged under the ETS becomes available to the Government to pay off the Kyoto liability. Households already bear half
the total costs resulting from the ETS during its first five years (52%), while accounting for just a fifth of all
emissions (19%). Together with small-medium industry, commerce and services, and transport operators, they would pay 90%
of the costs resulting from the ETS during the first five years while being responsible for 30% of total emissions.
With a tighter international commitment to come and emissions still rising, the scale of the subsidies to major
industrials and pastoral farmers is set to deliver increasing fiscal stress and inequity that will build up pressures
for change. The Carbon Challenge explores other moves overseas that will also tend to put pressure on the ETS, including carbon border taxes.
Fortunately, New Zealand is well endowed with low cost options for reducing its carbon footprint, including agricultural
efficiency measures that cut emissions and the planting of permanent forests to newly store carbon.
ENDS