Women leading both of New Zealand’s largest political parties is something to celebrate. Watching Jacinda Ardern and
Judith Collins go head to head in three televised or online pre-election debates should surely dispel any doubt about
whether women are up to the demands of leadership at the highest level.
As tonight’s final debate will also surely demonstrate, both women are confident, assertive and resilient under pressure, attributes widely
expected of leaders. And yet gender bias continues to define aspects of their careers and performance.
While the format has offered limited in-depth policy discussion, the debates have been a far cry from the “gladiatorial masculinity” displayed by Donald Trump in the recent US presidential debate with Joe Biden.
Nonetheless, subtle but still influential gendered dynamics are at play in the New Zealand election campaign. Ardern and
Collins navigate these dynamics in quite distinctive ways, which may help explain why they each evoke such different emotions in voters. But how do people form these opinions?
Even without formal study, everyone develops their own ideas about what good leadership involves. Researchers call these
ideas “implicit leadership theories”, and they shape how leaders are perceived.
While these personal theories might not be correct — in the sense that someone might value leader behaviours that research shows are actually ineffective or harmful —
they are nonetheless influential.
Gladiatorial masculinity: Donald Trump and Joe Biden during the first presidential debate in late September. AAPWhat makes an effective leader?
Research on these implicit theories shows that behaviours traditionally associated with masculinity are more likely to be seen
as leader-like: this means when some people think “leader” their default is also to think “male”.
This results in people expecting leaders to be “strong” in the sense of being “tough” and “commanding”, attributes
associated with traditional expectations of men. Similarly, being intimidating, power-hungry, risk-taking, demanding and
domineering are often qualities people link to leadership.
Read more: NZ election 2020: Jacinda Ardern promised transformation — instead, the times transformed her
However, a significant body of research suggests these behaviours are not, in fact, the key qualities that make for effective leaders. Rather, they tend to undermine innovation, inhibit quality decision making and fail to
draw out the best from people. Instead, humility, collaboration, team building and inspiring people to work for a common
good are more important. These are also qualities women often exhibit.
But because they are judged against an implicitly masculine norm, women continue to find it harder to attain leadership roles, and to then succeed in those roles.Playing to others’ expectations
Given all this, it is not surprising that Judith Collins often adopts an overtly combative, masculine style to appeal principally to a more traditionally-minded voter base.
There are clear echoes of the former British prime minister Margaret Thatcher — the so-called Iron Lady — in Collins’s approach. She presents herself as a potential prime minister who would be tough, in command, in control, brooking neither dissent nor failure.
Read more: NZ election 2020: as the ultimate political survivor, Judith Collins prepares for her ultimate test
The reality of gendered leadership expectations means that to do otherwise would risk Collins not being seen as
leader-like by those whose implicit leadership theories favour such traditionally masculine notions.
But this is not a guaranteed winning strategy by any means. As British leadership scholar Keith Grint argues, it’s generally unwise for leaders to proclaim complex problems can be solved by way of simple solutions.
Gendered perceptions: Jacinda Ardern and Judith Collins during the second TV leaders’ debate, the day after the US
presidential debate. AAPStrong vs nice
Collins is also caught by what researchers call the “double bind” that affects women leaders. If they display traditionally feminine behaviours, focussing on relationships and concern
for others, they risk being seen as a good woman but not an effective leader. If they display masculine behaviours they
risk being seen as a competent leader but a “not nice” woman.
The more Collins plays to traditional expectations of a combative, masculine style of leadership, therefore, the more
she risks alienating people — including within her own voter base.
Ardern is equally at risk of the double bind but in the opposite way. Her emphasis on being kind and showing concern for
others means she is seen by some as a nice woman but not an effective leader.
Read more: Contrasting styles, some substance: 5 experts on the first TV leaders' debate of NZ's electionSoft skills, tough challenges
However, “sensitivity” — meaning to be caring, sympathetic, compassionate, kind, empathetic, selfless and friendly — also features in implicit leadership theories.
There is evidence to suggest that these so-called “soft skills” are, in fact, key to effective leadership. So, while Ardern’s style risks lacking
credibility with those who cleave to more traditional, masculine views of leadership, this does not mean she is an
ineffective leader.
In a political contest between two very determined, confident and resilient women, it should be remembered that some
voters will inevitably be influenced by gendered preconceptions of what makes a good leader — and that this is just one
more challenge such female leaders face.