Housing Supply: Investment versus Rental Properties
Keith Rankin, 11 June 2015
The housing debate in New Zealand is befuddled by the language used, and by people with propertied interests who are
happy to maintain such confusion.
Every now and again, however, we see unwitting exposure of the multiple meanings given to popular words. In one NZ
Herald article (Rising numbers of Aucklanders heading for regions, 4 June 2015), 'Auckland timber sales representative Mike Towns invested in nine properties in Hawkes Bay. Returns "are
not so strong from an investment point of view, but they're good from a rental return point of view".'
The media uses the word 'invest' very loosely. Mr Towns was buying properties with the intent of gaining returns in the
form of yield; namely rent from tenants. The Herald reporter says he "invested". Yet Mr Towns himself said that his
transaction was not undertaken from "an investment" point of view. He clearly understands property investment as the
pursuit of capital gain. This concept of investment reflects the reality that an investment house need not be occupied;
it's a financial security rather than a dwelling. A tenanted house, on the other hand, clearly is a dwelling; it's
somebody's home.
Shamubeel Eaqub, on Sunday Mornings on Radio NZ (Renters: society’s second-class citizens) reaffirmed this point by noting that letting properties is an 'incidental' component of housing investment. (From the
point of view of an economist such as Eaqub, housing investment isbuilding new houses. There are three distinct meanings
out there for the word 'investment'.)
Government spokespeople have also inadvertently noted that investment houses may or may not be tenanted. When discussing
the proposed 'warrant of fitness' for rented houses, they note that if landlords' costs are raised it will mean that
some houses may be withdrawn from the rental market, to the detriment of the tenant community. They don't say what will
happen to these houses if they are withdrawn, but we are left to presume that they will be untenanted – essentially
empty. (See my comments in Running on Empty, North and South, 16 April 2015.)
The neglected issue of housing supply is what I will call the 'housing stock participation rate'. I use this expression
as a deliberate analogue of the well-known 'labour force participation rate'. Housing is employed fulltime when it is
occupied by a family (or other) group appropriate to the size of the house. Housing is employed part-time when it is
underoccupied; eg one person living in a large house. Housing is unemployed when it is between occupiers, maybe
undergoing refurbishment (analogous to retraining). And houses are 'not in the housing force' if they are not available
to be lived in.
We need to know whether the housing stock participation rate is falling, and housing supply is therefore shrinking. From
a policy or analysis point of view, it is incidental whether the dwellers of a house are owner-occupiers, paying tenants
or house-sitters. What matters is the size of the housing force, a subset of the total housing stock. Further, we know
that building more houses will increase the housing stock. But this alone will not necessarily increase the number of
houses that are available to be lived in.
We need a proper 'Housing Force Survey' that is analogous to Statistics NZ's Household Labour Force Survey (HLFS). We
may be surprised at the extent of multiple house ownership by non-landlords.
Housing policy should have four components: (1) seeking to maximise the 'housing stock participation rate'; (2) ensuring
that all dwellings meet minimum standards (with a possible exemption for owner-occupied properties without children);
(3) ensuring that the housing stock increases with population growth; and (4) ensuring that housing density is greatest
closest to places of employment and to transport hubs. We have a toolkit of taxes and subsidies that can provide the
appropriate incentives.
Many 'investment' properties appear not to be in the housing force, just as 'discouraged workers' are not in the labour
force. Our policy priority is to ensure that every investment house is also a healthy home.
ends