Meditations - From Martin LeFevre in California What Is Human Freedom?
A few friends and I have been asking: Are there choices in life, but is the chooser an illusion? If so, what is the
basis of right action? These questions go to the heart of the problem of freedom and determinism.
What is human freedom? Does it even exist? “In order for us to have radical freedom, it looks as if we would have to
postulate that inside of each of us was a self that was capable of interfering with the causal order of nature…capable
of making molecules swerve from their paths,” says UC philosopher John Searle in his book, “Minds, Brains, and Science.”
Freedom, relative or radical, has no meaning if determinism is the law of the universe. Determinism can account for the
element of chance, since quantum physics is largely the function of probability. But determinism is false if there is an
element of creativeness in the cosmos.
Philosophers often make the mistake of directly applying the laws of nature to the consciousness of humankind. But
obviously there is some kind of relationship between the two.
“Science allows no place for freedom of the will, and indeterminism in physics offers no support for it,” Searle states
rather dogmatically in an ostensibly open inquiry into freedom. Linking physics and consciousness in precisely the
opposite way that the New Age movement does, he rhetorically asks, “Is it ever true to say of a person that he could
have done otherwise, all other conditions remaining the same?”
Obviously not in Searle’s view, since “all behavior is determined in such a way that it couldn’t have occurred
otherwise, all other conditions remaining the same.”
This is a huge claim, one that is predicated on a limited and mechanistic view of the universe. That view, first
formulated by the 18th century mathematician and astronomer Laplace, is encapsulated by Searle: “If an ideal observer
knew the positions of all the particles at a given instant and knew all the laws governing their movements, he could
predict and retrodict the entire history of the universe.”
This theory obviously contains a great deal of accuracy, since it is at the heart of the scientific enterprise, without
which we would not have knowledge about nature, including the treatments of modern medicine. But is it the truth?
I propose that it’s only true up to a point, and that there are two errors in this core statement of science and modern
philosophy. One is factual, which physicists know but conveniently avoid; the other is a philosophical error of
omission, which refutes the theory of complete determinism.
Einstein demonstrated, and nuclear weapons prove, that energy and mass are interchangeable. Therefore, notwithstanding
the sub-sub-atomic smashings of the Hadron Collider, it’s a fundamental mistake to see the universe as composed of
‘particles.’
The other mistake is to deny the creative element in nature. Even if “an ideal observer knew the positions of all the
particles at a given instant and knew all the laws governing their movements,” s/he could not predict the history of the
universe, because there is wild card—the creativity of the cosmos.
Obviously there is significant determinism in nature, and significant determinism in consciousness, as we usually know
it. A greedy disposition will ineluctably give rise to greedy actions. There is no sovereign arbiter in us that decides
whether to be greedy or not on a given day.
But just as there is a creative element in nature, there is, potentially, a creative element in human consciousness. Not
just in science and art, but with respect to the transformation of consciousness. Can it be released to meet the crisis
of humankind, which is the crisis of consciousness itself?
When philosophers speak of determinism with regard to human behavior, they’re really talking about conditioning, not the
natural order. And the actions of the chooser, which are synonymous with the self, are determined by our conditioning.
So the choices that the chooser makes are determined by conditioning. But is there an action available to the human
being that is not determined by conditioning? In short, can the human brain not be programmed?
Yes, it’s possible, indeed urgently necessary, to act from listening and stillness, which is an intelligence beyond
knowledge. Such action is the basis of freedom and right action. Freedom can then be defined as the state of being in
which one does not act out of conditioning and programming. But how does that come about?
Ending the tyranny of conditioning and programming in the individual requires the awakening of insight through
self-knowing and passive observation of the movement of thought/emotion.
Independence, freedom, and liberation are different things. One can be independent but not free, and relatively free but
not liberated. Independence is distinct from freedom, but freedom and liberation are essentially moving in the same
direction.
Free of conditioning and the self, the human being participates in the ongoing creation of consciousness of the
universe, which is happening every moment. Human participation is necessary insofar as human consciousness is an anomaly
in the universe, which only human beings can correct.
The quiet mind is free because it is not operating from conditioning. As such, it participates, creatively and
imperfectly, in the unfolding of consciousness in the cosmos.
- Martin LeFevre
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- Martin LeFevre is a contemplative, and non-academic religious and political philosopher. He has been publishing in
North America, Latin America, Africa, and Europe (and now New Zealand) for 20 years. Email: martinlefevre@sbcglobal.net. The author welcomes comments.