Carbon tax could lower emissions and GST
A new, powerful way of modelling the impact of carbon pricing has been developed by University of Auckland doctoral
researcher Sina Mashinchi in collaboration with experts at Cambridge University. It shows how a carbon tax targeting
emissions-intensive industries, along with a revamped Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS), could boost economic growth, with
the extra tax generated used to cut GST from 15 percent to 12.5 percent.
“I wanted to show that we could move closer to our Kyoto emission targets and still have good economic growth,” says Mr
Mashinchi.
A signatory to the Kyoto Protocol, New Zealand is committed to cutting greenhouse gas emissions by five percent below
1990 levels by 2020, and by half by mid-century. But in 2013, our emissions were up 21 percent from 1990 levels.
Currently, the ETS is the main economic tool in use here to lower carbon emissions. Industries start with a set number
of carbon credits, and when they use them up through generating greenhouse gases, they have to buy more. This is meant
to encourage practices that will lower emissions.
Critics argue that the ETS is hamstrung by its lenient application. The government gives freebies and two-for-one deals
to many industrial emitters. And even though agriculture is responsible for half of New Zealand’s emissions, it’s
entirely exempt from the scheme (which is true across the world). New Zealand has also bought many “junk” fraudulent
credits from Eastern Europe.
It’s widely recognised that the price of carbon credits, currently sitting around $17 per tonne, is too low to change
behaviour. But the new modelling shows that even if the price was gradually raised to $300, we still wouldn’t crack our
2050 target with the ETS alone.
Mr Mashinchi argues there’s another basic problem: the ETS is based on a weak and ill-fitting model. The model he helped
develop is more sophisticated and finely tuned to real New Zealand experience. While the model on which the ETS is based
used only one year of data, this new model draws on 45 years of economic, environmental and energy data from 1970 to
2014.
“It shows how New Zealand reacted to global events such as the oil shocks and the Great Financial Crisis,” Mr Mashinchi
says.
It also shows how New Zealanders responded to past policies, he says – not always as an economist might expect. The
model that the ETS is based on assumes people act rationally, responding to policies and trends in predictable ways,
“but people don’t always act rationally”.
Mr Mashinchi experimented with mixes of a beefed-up ETS and a carbon tax. He found if the price of carbon credits
increased to $75 right now, and rose by $20 a year from now on, and a carbon tax for non-ETS sectors was introduced and
set at the same levels, the government could use the extra tax take to lower GST by 2.5 percent to 12.5 percent.
A business would either pay for carbon credits or pay a carbon tax – not both.
According to the modelling, this would stimulate the economy, encouraging investment in new technologies, energy
efficiencies and public transport, which would create jobs. GDP would rise by an average 2.2 percent per year from
2016-2015, while emissions would fall 14.2 percent from current levels in 2030.
“This still falls short of our Kyoto target, but it’s a lot better than emissions going up,” says Mr Mashinchi.
Introducing a carbon tax is known as Environmental Tax Reform (ETR), something being tried in some form or another in
places such as the UK, Germany, and Scandinavian countries.
“The idea behind ETR is very simple,” he says. “It’s about shifting tax from ‘good’ things to ‘bad’ things – from
labour, income and investment to pollution and waste. This modelling shows it’s possible to boost GDP and the employment
rate, and lower GST, through ETR in New Zealand.”
Despite the challenges ahead, Mr Mashinchi is upbeat. “We can’t blame our government over the ETS failing, because
similar policies failed everywhere, and some countries haven’t even started. We should be optimistic about the future.
This modelling shows us one economically viable way forward.”
END
Key points:
• If we continue with business as usual, greenhouse gas emissions will continue to rise under the Emissions
Trading Scheme
• New, sophisticated economic and environmental modelling suggests a mix of carbon tax and ETS set at much higher
levels could decrease emissions, boost growth, and fund a GST cut to 12.5 percent
• An individual business would either trade in carbon credits or pay the carbon tax – not both.