10 February 2014
Otago archaeologists excavate first school and mission
The site of New Zealand’s first mission station and its first classroom has been revealed during two years of fieldwork
and research led by University of Otago archaeologists, uncovering plentiful details about the daily lives of our first
permanent European settlers.
The Hohi Mission Station excavations took place in Kerikeri for three weeks in February 2012 and four weeks in Jan-Feb
2013. University of Otago Anthropology and Archaeology Associate Professor Ian Smith and Archaeology Honourary Research
Fellow Dr Angela Middleton led the excavation team, supported by the Department of Conservation (DOC) and the NZ
Historic Places Trust (NZHPT).
“We found the remains of what is likely to have been the house of early New Zealand missionary Thomas Kendall and his
family, as well as artefacts like ceramic sherds, glass, a coin dating from 1806 bearing the profile of George III, and
gunflints – evidence that muskets were present at the mission,” Associate Professor Smith says.
“We uncovered the site of New Zealand’s first school – a modest-sized classroom – and other features including a
Māori-style whare,” he says. “There were lots of slate pencils, and fragments of writing slates, and children’s toys.”
They shed light on New Zealand’s first permanent European settlement founded in 1814, and gave insights into what life
was like for the Church Missionary Society missionaries and Māori at the time.
The place where the Hohi mission stood from 1814 to 1832 has been abandoned since that time. In 1907 it became the
Marsden Cross Historic Reserve.
Associate Professor Smith says only a handful of paintings and drawings were done when the mission was active, and
although the missionaries kept journals and wrote letters and reports, these sources do not give a lot of information
about every day life.
“We uncovered significant archaeological features that have added to our understanding of the Hohi mission and the
people who lived and worked there – as well as those who were impacted by the mission,” says Dr Smith.
“Around the houses were fragments of the plates and cups that they used for eating and drinking, along with personal
items like buttons, items of jewellery, coins, and smoking pipes. We also found food remains - nearly all of these were
indigenous foods - shellfish, fish and birds.
“Overall the archaeological evidence paints a picture of the hard struggle that these first European settlers had in
making a living here, and how dependent they were on local Māori for food supplies and protection.”
The excavation team included two research assistants; and 10 PhD, MA and BAHons students. Other participants included
staff from DOC, and NZHPT, and members of local hapu Ngāti Torehina.
After each fieldwork season Associate Professor Smith spent six months leading a laboratory teamcleaning, sorting,
describing and analysing the material that they had brought back. Several publications have already appeared from the
results of the 2012 excavations alone.
Meanwhile, Dr Middleton continued her historical research on missionaries and Maori in the Bay of Islands. The first of
her two Otago University Press books on this subject has just been published. Kerikeri Mission and Kororipo Pa: An Entwined History looks at the early engagement between Māori and Pakeha in the context of the establishment of the Church Missionary
Society mission at Kerikeri in 1819.
Dr Middleton says: “This unique and pivotal location provides tangible evidence of the entwined history of Māori and
Pakeha, the relationship that founded modern New Zealand. The site could be seen as a microcosm for the kind of
developments that took place between iwi and missions in other parts of the country,” says Dr Middleton.
Her book was launched following a public lecture by Associate Professor Smith at Kingston House in Kerikeri on 9
February.
2014 is the bicentennial of missions arriving in New Zealand: with the focus of celebrations centred on the Bay of
Islands.
ENDS