A Tale of Two Human Rights Awardees
Editor: John Feffer, Foreign Policy In Focus
The annual Robert F. Kennedy Award ceremony took place at the White House this year for the first time in its 28-year
history. Also for the first time, the president of the United States was there to honor the awardees.
This year's winner was the group Women of Zimbabwe Arise (WOZA), represented by Magodona Mahlangu and Jenni
Williams.Since its founding six years ago, WOZA has campaigned against domestic violence and rape, for rebuilding their
country's crumbling health and education systems, and for ending government repression. Despite their commitment to
nonviolence, WOZA activists have been routinely threatened, abducted, and beaten, and over 3,000 of its members have
been detained or imprisoned. This show of support from President Obama is particularly important in light of the trial
of the two WOZA activists, scheduled to begin next week, for "conduct likely to cause a breach of [the] peace," which
could result in a five-year prison sentence if convicted.
Such public support from the White House is in stark contrast with its silence on the fate of last year's winner,
Aminatou Haidar, who is widely known as the Saharan Gandhi. Earlier in November, when she was returning from the United
States after receiving the Civil Courage Award from the Train Foundation, Moroccan occupation authorities arrested and
expelled Haidar from her homeland of Western Sahara.
Belated Response
Haidar is Western Sahara's leading human rights campaigner. She has led the nonviolent struggle to free her people from an illegal 34-year Moroccan occupation, and was nominated on several
occasions for the Nobel Peace Prize. Like many Western Saharans who travel abroad, she declared Western Sahara as her
country of origin on the immigration entry form when she landed at the airport in El Aioun, in the occupied territory.
This time, however, Moroccan authorities confiscated her Moroccan passport, held her overnight for interrogation, and —
claiming she had renounced her Moroccan citizenship — expelled her to Spain's Canary Islands. It is a direct violation
of the Fourth Geneva Convention for an occupying power to expel anyone from their country of origin.
For nearly two weeks, the State Department was silent on Haidar's fate. It spoke out only this past Thursday, as
Haidar's physical well-being came into question when she entered the eighth day of a hunger strike. Spokesman Ian Kelly
expressed U.S. concerns about her health situation, but simply called for "a speedy determination of her legal status."
Rather than calling on Moroccan authorities to live up to their international legal obligations, Kelly instead appeared
let the Moroccans determin her status. The Moroccans "determined" that she is persona non grata, and has no right to
return.
The RFK Center for Justice and Human Rights , which grants the annual award, has sent its director and senior advocacy director to the Canary Islands to be with
Haidar, now entering the third week of her fast in the Lanzarote Airport. They also called upon UN Commissioner for
Human Rights Navanethem Pillay to immediately investigate the circumstances of Haidar's forced exile and to establish a
formal mechanism for protecting the human rights of the people of Western Sahara. However, despite the RFK Center's
efforts and those of Kerry Kennedy, Senator Patrick Leahy (D-VT), and others, the Obama administration has refused to
demand Haidar's return.
It was Leahy who, standing in for his ailing colleague Edward Kennedy at last year's ceremony, praised Haidar's
struggle for human rights against Moroccan repression and promised that, with the incoming Obama administration, "help
was on the way." Unfortunately, bama ended up appointing Hillary Clinton, a longtime supporter of the Moroccan
occupation, to oversee his foreign policy.
Currying Favor with Morocco
Indeed, Secretary of State Clinton may bear partial responsibility for Haidar's situation. The activist's arrest and
expulsion is part of a broader Moroccan crackdown that appears to have received Clinton's endorsement during a visit to
Morocco early last month. Rather than joining Amnesty International and other human rights groups in condemning the
increase in the already-severe repression in the occupied Western Sahara, Clinton instead chose to offer unconditional
praise for the Moroccan government's human rights record. Just days before her arrival, Moroccan authorities arrested
seven other nonviolent activists from Western Sahara — Ahmed Alansari, Brahim Dahane, Yahdih Ettarouzi, Saleh Labihi,
Dakja Lashgar, Rachid Sghir, and Ali Salem Tamek — on trumped-up charges of high treason. Amnesty International has
declared the seven activists (who are currently awaiting trial) prisoners of conscience, and called for their
unconditional release. But Clinton decided to ignore the plight of these and other political prisoners held in Moroccan
jails.
Under such circumstances, it appears that the Moroccan authorities decided they need not fear a negative reaction from
Washington for engaging in further repression, especially since the United States has given the country billions of
dollars in military assistance since its conquest of Western Sahara in 1975. International law requires that the people
of non-self-governing territories such as Western Sahara deserve the right of self-determination, confirmed in the case
of Western Sahara by a landmark opinion of the International Court of Justice. However, Clinton — in an interview during
her recent visit — appears to have endorsed Morocco's plans for annexing the territory under a dubious "autonomy" plan Though a series of unanimous UN Security Council resolutions supported by previous U.S. administrations have called for
a UN-supervised referendum on the fate of the territory, Clinton has simply called for "mediation" between the Moroccan
kingdom and the exiled nationalist Polisario Front, a process that would not offer the people of the territory a say in
their future.
I have worked with both Jenni Williams and Aminatou Haidar. They are both deserving of the RFK Prize, and they both
deserve the support of the U.S. government as well. A test of a government's sense of justice is whether it sees human
rights as a universal principle or simply as a political tool to advance its foreign policy agenda. The Obama
administration appears to have opted for the latter. It is easy to support human rights activists like the women of
WOZA, since they are battling against a regime opposed by the United States. When it comes to human rights activists who
challenge a U.S. ally, however, the Obama administration appears no different than previous administrations in
tolerating their oppression.
Stephen Zunes is a Foreign Policy in Focus senior analyst. He is a professor of Politics and chair of Middle Eastern Studies at the University of San Francisco
and is the author, along with Jacob Mundy, of the forthcoming Western Sahara: Nationalism, Conflict, and International
Accountability (Syracuse University Press).
ENDS