Background Note: Sao Tome and Principe
PROFILE
OFFICIAL NAME:
Geography
Location: Western Africa; islands straddling the equator in the Gulf of Guinea west of Gabon.
Area: 1,001 sq. km. (386 sq. mi.); about the size of metropolitan Indianapolis, or one-third the size of Rhode Island.
Cities: Capital--Sao Tome. Other cities--Trinidade, Santana, Angolares, Neves, Santo Antonio.
Terrain: Two small, volcanic islands.
Climate: Tropical, with wet and dry seasons, influenced by the mountainous topography.
People
Nationality: Noun and adjective--Sao Tomean(s).
Population (July 2008 est.): 206,178.
Annual growth rate (2008 est.): 3.116%.
Ethnic groups: Mixed African, Portuguese-African.
Religions: Christian (Roman Catholic, Evangelical Protestant, Seventh-day Adventist) 80%.
Language: Portuguese (official).
Education: Literacy (census 2001)--68.1% Years compulsory--to secondary level.
Health: Life expectancy (2008 est.)--68 yrs. Infant mortality rate (2008 est.)--38.36/1,000.
Work force (by household, 2000 UN Development Program est.): Agriculture--15.3%; industry, commerce, services--36.5%; government--11.5%.
Government
Type: Republic.
Independence: July 12, 1975 (from Portugal).
Constitution: November 5, 1975; revised September 1990, following a national referendum, revised again January 2003.
Branches: Executive--president and prime minister. Legislative--National Assembly. Judicial--Supreme Court.
Administrative subdivisions: Seven counties, six on Sao Tome and one on Principe.
Political parties: Movement for the Liberation of Sao Tome and Principe (MLSTP), Party of Democratic Convergence (PCD),
Independent Democratic Action (ADI), Democratic Movement Force of Change (MDFM), Christian Democratic Front-Socialist
Union Party (FDC-PSU), Santomean Workers Party (PTS); Popular Party of Progress (PPP), and National Union for Democracy
and Progress (UNDP).
Suffrage: Universal adult.
Economy
GDP (2007 est.): $119 million.
Annual real GDP growth rate (2007 est.): 6.0%.
Per capita GDP (2007 est.): $881.
Consumer price inflation (2007 est.): 19.9%
Natural resources: Agricultural products, fish, petroleum (not yet exploited).
Agriculture (16.6% of GDP, 2006): Products--cocoa, coconuts, copra, palm kernels, cinnamon, pepper, coffee, bananas, beans, poultry. Cultivated land--484 sq. kilometers.
Industry (15.3% of GDP, 2006): Types--light construction, shirts, soap, beer, fisheries, shrimp processing, palm oil.
Trade: Exports (2007 est.)--$4 million (f.o.b.): 95% cocoa, copra, palm kernels, coffee. Major markets--Portugal, Netherlands, Spain, Germany, China. Imports (2007 est.)--$73 million (f.o.b.): food, fuel, machinery and electrical equipment. Major suppliers--Portugal (43%), France (16%), U.K. (14%).
Total external debt (2007 est.): None.
Fiscal year: Calendar year.
GEOGRAPHY
The islands of Sao Tome and Principe, situated in the equatorial Atlantic about 300 and 250 kilometers (200 mi. and 150
mi.), respectively, off the northwest coast of Gabon, constitute Africa's smallest country. Both are part of an extinct
volcanic mountain range, which also includes the island of Bioko in Equatorial Guinea to the north and Mount Cameroon on
the African west coast. Sao Tome is 50 kilometers (31 mi.) long and 32 kilometers (20 mi.) wide and the more mountainous
of the two islands. Its peaks reach 2,024 meters (6,640 ft.). Principe is about 30 kilometers (19 mi.) long and 6
kilometers (4 mi.) wide. Swift streams radiating down the mountains through lush forest and cropland to the sea cross
both islands.
At sea level, the climate is tropical--hot and humid with average yearly temperatures of about 27oC (80oF) and little
daily variation. At the interior's higher altitudes, the average yearly temperature is 20oC (68oF), and nights are
generally cool. Annual rainfall varies from 500 centimeters (200 in) on the southwestern slopes to 100 centimeters (40
in.) in the northern lowlands. The rainy season runs from October to May.
PEOPLE
Of Sao Tome and Principe's total population, about 137,500 live on Sao Tome and 6,000 on Principe. All are descended
from various ethnic groups that have migrated to the islands since 1485. Six groups are identifiable:
Mestico, or mixed-blood, descendants of African slaves brought to the islands during the early years of settlement from
Benin, Gabon, and Congo (these people also are known as filhos da terra or "sons of the land");
Angolares, reputedly descendants of Angolan slaves who survived a 1540 shipwreck and now earn their livelihood fishing;
Forros, descendants of freed slaves when slavery was abolished;
Servicais, contract laborers from Angola, Mozambique, and Cape Verde, living temporarily on the islands;
Tongas, children of servicais born on the islands; and
Europeans, primarily Portuguese.
In the 1970s, there were two significant population movements--the exodus of most of the 4,000 Portuguese residents and
the influx of several hundred Sao Tomean refugees from Angola. The islanders have been absorbed largely into a common
Luso-African culture. Almost all belong to the Roman Catholic, Evangelical Protestant, or Seventh-day Adventist
Churches, which in turn retain close ties with churches in Portugal.
HISTORY
The islands were first discovered by Portuguese navigators between 1469 and 1472. The first successful settlement of Sao
Tome was established in 1493 by Alvaro Caminha, who received the land as a grant from the Portuguese crown. Principe was
settled in 1500 under a similar arrangement. By the mid-1500s, with the help of slave labor, the Portuguese settlers had
turned the islands into Africa's foremost exporter of sugar. Sao Tome and Principe were taken over and administered by
the Portuguese crown in 1522 and 1573, respectively.
Sugar cultivation declined over the next 100 years, and by the mid-1600s, Sao Tome was little more than a port of call
for bunkering ships. In the early 1800s, two new cash crops, coffee and cocoa, were introduced. The rich volcanic soils
proved well suited to the new cash crop industry and soon extensive plantations (rocas), owned by Portuguese companies or absentee landlords, occupied almost all of the good farmland. By 1908, Sao Tome had
become the world's largest producer of cocoa, still the country's most important crop.
The rocas system, which gave the plantation managers a high degree of authority, led to abuses against the African farm workers.
Although Portugal officially abolished slavery in 1876, the practice of forced paid labor continued. In the early 1900s,
an internationally publicized controversy arose over charges that Angolan contract workers were being subjected to
forced labor and unsatisfactory working conditions. Sporadic labor unrest and dissatisfaction continued well into the
20th century, culminating in an outbreak of riots in 1953 in which several hundred African laborers were killed in a
clash with their Portuguese rulers. This "Batepa Massacre" remains a major event in the colonial history of the islands,
and the government officially observes its anniversary
By the late 1950s, when other emerging nations across the African Continent were demanding independence, a small group
of Sao Tomeans had formed the Movement for the Liberation of Sao Tome and Principe (MLSTP), which eventually established
its base in nearby Gabon. Picking up momentum in the 1960s, events moved quickly after the overthrow of the Salazar and
Caetano dictatorship in Portugal in April 1974. The new Portuguese regime was committed to the dissolution of its
overseas colonies; in November 1974, their representatives met with the MLSTP in Algiers and worked out an agreement for
the transfer of sovereignty. After a period of transitional government, Sao Tome and Principe achieved independence on
July 12, 1975, choosing as its first President the MLSTP Secretary General, Manuel Pinto da Costa.
In 1990, Sao Tome became one of the first African countries to embrace democratic reform. Changes to the constitution,
including the legalization of opposition political parties, led to nonviolent, free, and transparent elections in 1991.
Miguel Trovoada, a former Prime Minister who had been in exile since 1986, returned as an independent candidate and was
elected President. Trovoada was re-elected in Sao Tome's second multiparty presidential election in 1996. The Party of
Democratic Convergence (PCD) toppled the MLSTP to take a majority of seats in the National Assembly, with the MLSTP
becoming an important and vocal minority party. Municipal elections followed in late 1992, in which the MLSTP came back
to win a majority of seats on five of seven regional councils. In early legislative elections in October 1994, the MLSTP
won a plurality of seats in the Assembly. It regained an outright majority of seats in the November 1998 elections.
The Government of Sao Tome fully functions under a multiparty system. Presidential elections were held in July 2001. The
candidate backed by the Independent Democratic Action Party, Fradique de Menezes, was elected in the first round and
inaugurated on September 3. Parliamentary elections held in March 2002 led to a coalition government after no party
gained a majority of seats. An attempted coup d'etat in July 2003 by a few members of the military and the Christian
Democratic Front (mostly representative of former Sao Tomean volunteers from the apartheid-era Republic of South African
Army) was reversed by international, including American, mediation without bloodshed. In September 2004, President de
Menezes dismissed the Prime Minister and appointed a new cabinet, which was accepted by the majority party. In June
2005, following public discontent with oil exploration licenses granted in the Joint Development Zone (JDZ) with
Nigeria, the MLSTP, the party with the largest number of seats in the National Assembly, and its coalition partners
threatened to resign from government and force early parliamentary elections. After several days of negotiations, the
President and the MLSTP agreed to form a new government and to avoid early elections. The new government included Maria
Silveira, the well-respected head of the Central Bank, who served concurrently as Prime Minister and Finance Minister.
The March 2006 legislative elections went forward without a hitch, with President Menezes' party, the Movement for the
Democratic Force of Change (MDFM), winning 23 seats and taking an unexpected lead ahead of MLSTP. MLSTP came in second
with 19 seats, and the Independent Democratic Alliance (ADI) came in third with 12 seats. Amidst negotiations to form a
new coalition government, President Menezes nominated a new prime minister and cabinet.
July 30, 2006 marked Sao Tome and Principe's fourth democratic, multiparty presidential elections The elections were
regarded by both local and international observers as being free and fair. Incumbent Fradique de Menezes won the
election with approximately 60% of the vote. Voter turnout was relatively high with 63% of the 91,000 registered voters
casting ballots.
In November 2007, President de Menezes dismissed and replaced several ministers in his government following significant
public criticism of souring economic conditions and the government's handling of recurring mutinies by dissident police
officers. The changes took place peacefully and without incident. During another government shakeup in February 2008,
President de Menezes appointed Patrice Trovoada as Prime Minister.
On May 20, 2008 the government collapsed after losing a parliamentary vote of confidence. The opposition Movement for
the Liberation of Sao Tome and Principe-Social Democratic Party (MLSTP-PSD), with the support of Party of Democratic
Convergence (PCD), asserted that Prime Minister Trovoada had failed to deliver on reforms that he promised when he
entered office. Joachim Rafael Branco became Prime Minister in June 2008.
GOVERNMENT
Following the promulgation of a new constitution in 1990, Sao Tome and Principe held multiparty elections for the first
time since independence. Shortly after the constitution took effect, the National Assembly formally legalized opposition
parties. Independent candidates also were permitted to participate in the January 1991 legislative elections. The
55-member National Assembly is the supreme organ of the state and the highest legislative body. Its members are elected
for a 4-year term and meet semiannually.
The president of the republic is elected to a 5-year term by direct universal suffrage and a secret ballot, and may hold
office up to two consecutive terms. Candidates are chosen at their party's national conference or individuals may run
independently. A presidential candidate must obtain an outright majority of the popular vote in either a first or second
round of voting in order to be elected president. The prime minister is named by the president but must be ratified by
the majority party and thus normally comes from a list of its choosing. The prime minister, in turn, names the 14
members of the Cabinet.
Justice is administered at the highest level by the Supreme Court. Formerly responsible to the National Assembly, the
judiciary is now independent under the current constitution.
Administratively, the country is divided into seven municipal districts, six on Sao Tome and one comprising Principe.
Governing councils in each district maintain a limited number of autonomous decision-making powers, and are reelected
every 5 years.
Principal Government Officials
President--Fradique Bandeira Melo de MENEZES
Prime Minister--Joachim Rafael BRANCO
Vice Prime Minister and Minister of Planning and Finance--Maria dos Santos Tebus Torres
Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation--Carlos Alberto Pires TINY
Minister of Defense and Internal Affairs--Elsa Texeira De Barros PINTO
Ambassador to the United States--Ovidio Manuel BARBOSA PEQUENO
Representative at the United Nations--To be named
The Sao Tomean Embassy to the United States is located at 1211 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 300, Washington, DC 20036
(tel. 202-775-2075); Email: embstpusa@verizon.net.
For visa information, please contact Mr. Domingos Augusto Ferreira, Cell: 917-751-2742; Fax: 212-239-2272; Email: domingosferreira74@hotmail.com; or the Embassy in Washington.
POLITICAL CONDITIONS
Since the constitutional reforms of 1990 and the elections of 1991, Sao Tome has made great strides toward developing
its democratic institutions and further guaranteeing the civil and human rights of its citizens. Sao Tomeans have freely
changed their government through peaceful and transparent elections. And while there have been disagreements and
political conflicts within the branches of government and the National Assembly, the debates have been carried out and
resolved in open, democratic, and legal fora, in accordance with the provisions of Sao Tomean law. A number of political
parties actively participate in government and openly express their views. Freedom of the press is respected, and there
are several independent newspapers in addition to the government bulletin. The government's respect for human rights is
exemplary; the government does not engage in repressive measures against its citizens, and respect for individuals'
rights to due process and protection from government abuses is widely honored. Freedom of expression is accepted, and
the government has taken no repressive measures to silence critics. The ongoing negotiations to establish a new
government may create a level of paralysis in the government's operations, but thus far daily activities are continuing.
ECONOMY
Since the 1800s, the economy of Sao Tome and Principe has been based on plantation agriculture. At the time of
independence, Portuguese-owned plantations occupied 90% of the cultivated area. After independence, control of these
plantations passed to various state-owned agricultural enterprises, which have since been privatized. The dominant crop
on Sao Tome is cocoa, representing about 95% of exports. Other export crops include copra, palm kernels, and coffee.
Domestic food-crop production is inadequate to meet local consumption, so the country imports some of its food. Efforts
have been made by the government in recent years to expand food production, and several projects have been undertaken,
largely financed by foreign donors.
Other than agriculture, the main economic activities are fishing and a small industrial sector engaged in processing
local agricultural products and producing a few basic consumer goods. The scenic islands have potential for tourism, and
the government is attempting to improve its rudimentary tourist industry infrastructure. The government sector accounts
for about 11% of employment.
Following independence, the country had a centrally directed economy with most means of production owned and controlled
by the state. The original constitution guaranteed a 'mixed economy,' with privately owned cooperatives combined with
publicly owned property and means of production. In the 1980s and 1990s, the economy of Sao Tome encountered major
difficulties. Economic growth stagnated, and cocoa exports dropped in both value and volume, creating large
balance-of-payments deficits. Efforts to redistribute plantation land resulted in decreased cocoa production. At the
same time, the international price of cocoa slumped.
In response to its economic downturn, the government undertook a series of far-reaching economic reforms. In 1987, the
government implemented an International Monetary Fund (IMF) structural adjustment program, and invited greater private
participation in management of the parastatals, as well as in the agricultural, commercial, banking, and tourism
sectors. The focus of economic reform since the early 1990s has been widespread privatization, especially of the
state-run agricultural and industrial sectors.
The Sao Tomean Government has traditionally been reliant on foreign assistance from various donors, including the UN
Development Program, the World Bank, the European Union (EU), Portugal, Taiwan, and the African Development Bank. Sao
Tome qualified for debt relief when it reached decision point under the IMF's Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative
(HIPC) in December 2000, but went off track on its poverty reduction program in early 2001. After four years and
satisfactory performance on an interim staff-monitored program, the IMF approved a new three-year $4.3 million Poverty
Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF) program for Sao Tome in September 2005. The ambitious program aims to reduce
inflation to a single-digit number, address the country's macroeconomic imbalances, and substantially reduce poverty.
In 2001, Sao Tome and Nigeria reached agreement on joint exploration for petroleum in waters claimed by the two
countries. After a lengthy series of negotiations, in April 2003 the joint development zone (JDZ) was opened for bids by
international oil firms. The JDZ was divided into 9 blocks; the winning bids for block one, Chevron, ExxonMobil, and the
Norwegian firm Equity Energy, were announced in April 2004, with Sao Tome to take in 40% of the $123 million bid, and
Nigeria the other 60%. Blocks 2 through 6 were allocated in June 2005. Nigeria and Sao Tome signed production sharing
contracts with the winning bidders in November 2005. Chevron became the first firm to start exploratory drilling in
January 2006.
Portugal remains one of Sao Tome's major trading partners, particularly as a source of imports. Food, manufactured
articles, machinery, and transportation equipment are imported primarily from the EU.
FOREIGN RELATIONS
Until independence in 1975, Sao Tome and Principe had few ties abroad except those that passed through Portugal.
Following independence, the new government sought to expand its diplomatic relationships. A common language, tradition,
and colonial experience have led to close collaboration between Sao Tome and other ex-Portuguese colonies in Africa,
particularly Angola. Sao Tomean relations with other African countries in the region, such as Gabon and the Republic of
the Congo, also are good. In December 2000, Sao Tome signed the African Union treaty; the National Assembly later
ratified it.
The Sao Tomean Government has generally maintained a foreign policy based on nonalignment and cooperation with any
country willing to assist in its economic development. In recent years, it also has increasingly emphasized ties to the
United States and western Europe.
U.S.-SAO TOMEAN RELATIONS
The United States was among the first countries to accredit an ambassador to Sao Tome and Principe. The U.S. Ambassador
based in Gabon is accredited to Sao Tome on a non-resident basis. The Ambassador and Embassy staff make regular visits
to the islands. The first Sao Tomean Ambassador to the United States, resident in New York City, was accredited in 1985.
In 1986, Sao Tomean President da Costa visited the United States and met with then-Vice President George H.W. Bush.
U.S. relations with Sao Tome are excellent. In 1992, the Voice of America (VOA) and the Government of Sao Tome signed a
long-term agreement for the establishment of a relay transmitter station in Sao Tome; VOA currently broadcasts to much
of Africa from this facility. In 2007, the Millennium Challenge Corporation approved a two-year threshold program to
improve the capacity of the country's tax administration and customs enforcement agencies. The U.S. Government also
maintains a number of smaller assistance programs in Sao Tome, administered through non-governmental organizations or
the Embassy in Libreville.
Principal U.S. Officials
Ambassador--Eunice Reddick (resident in Gabon)
Deputy Chief of Mission--Nathan Holt
Management Officer--Charles Morrill
Public Affairs/Economic/Commercial Officer--John Corrao
Political Officer--Leslie Williams Doumbia
Defense Attaché--Rene Dechaine
Consular Officer--Grace Genuino
The U.S. Embassy accredited to Sao Tome and Principe is located on the Boulevard de la Mer, B.P. 4000, Libreville, Gabon (tel:
241-762-003; fax: 241-745-507).
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