13 March 2008
Archaeological sensation in Austria
Scientists from the University of Vienna unearth the earliest evidence of Jewish inhabitants in Austria
Archaeologists from the Institute of Prehistory and Early History of the University of Vienna have found an amulet
inscribed with a Jewish prayer in a Roman child's grave dating back to the 3rd century CE at a burial ground in the
Austrian town of Halbturn. The 2.2-centimeter-long gold scroll represents the earliest sign of Jewish inhabitants in
present-day Austria.
This amulet shows that people of Jewish faith lived in what is today Austria since the Roman Empire. Up to now, the
earliest evidence of a Jewish presence within the borders of Austria has been letters from the 9th century CE. In the
areas of the Roman province of Pannonia that are now part of Hungary, Croatia and Serbia, gravestones and small finds
attest to Jewish inhabitants even in antiquity. Jews have been settling in all parts of the ancient world at the latest
since the 3rd century BCE. Particularly following the second Jewish Revolt against the Roman Empire, the victorious
Romans sold large numbers of Jews as slaves to all corners of the empire. This, coupled with voluntary migration, is how
Jews also might have come to present-day Austria.
CHILD'S GRAVE The one or two year old child, which presumably wore the silver amulet capsule around its neck, was buried
in one of around 300 graves in a Roman cemetery which dates back to the 2nd to 5th century CE and is situated next to a
Roman estate ("villa rustica"). This estate was an agricultural enterprise that provided food for the surrounding Roman
towns (Carnuntum, Györ, Sopron).
The gravesite, discovered in 1986 in the region of Seewinkel, around 20 kilometres from Carnuntum, was completely
excavated between 1988 and 2002 by a team led by Falko Daim, who is now General Director of the Roman-German Central
Museum of Mainz, with the financial backing of the Austrian Science Fund FWF and the Austrian state of Burgenland. All
in all, more than 10,000 individual finds were assessed, most notably pieces of glass, shards of ceramic and metal
finds. The gold amulet, whose inscription was incomprehensible at first, was only discovered in 2006 by Nives Doneus
from the Institute for Prehistory and Early History of the University of Vienna.
THE INSCRIPTION ON THE AMULET IS A JEWISH PRAYER Suma Istrahl adwne elwh adwn a Hear, O Israel! The Lord is our God, the
Lord is one.
GREEK SCRIPT, HEBREW LANGUAGE Greek is common with amulet inscriptions, although Latin and Hebrew and amulet
inscriptions are known. In this case, the scribe's hand is definitely familiar with Greek. However, the inscription is
Greek in appearance only, for the text itself is nothing other than a Greek transcription of the common Jewish prayer
from the Old Testament (Deuteronomy, 6:4): "Hear, O Israel! The Lord is our God, the Lord is one." AMULET TO PROTECT
AGAINST DEMONS Other non-Jewish amulets have been found in Carnuntum. One gold- and three silver-plated amulets with
magical texts were found in a stone sarcophagus unearthed west of the camp of the Roman legion, including one beseeching
Artemis to intervene against the migraine demon, Antaura. Amulets have also been found in Vindobona and the Hungarian
part of Pannonia. What is different about the Halbturn gold amulet is its Jewish inscription. It uses the confession to
the center of Jewish faith and not magic formulae. The gold-plated artefact from Halbturn can be viewed from 11 April
2008 onwards as part of the "The Amber Road - Evolution of a Trade Route" exhibition in the Burgenland State Museum in
Eisenstadt.
ends