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Concern over situation of high-seas fish species
Strengthening fisheries management in international waters "a major challenge" - FAO report
5 March 2007 - Although the proportion of the world’s marine fish stocks rated by FAO as overexploited or depleted has
remained stable over the past 15 years, the status of certain highly migratory and high-seas species is cause for
serious concern, a new report from the UN agency warned today.
Out of all the marine fish stocks monitored by FAO, 25 percent are either overexploited (17%), depleted (7%) or
recovering from depletion (1%), according to the Organization’s latest "State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture"
(SOFIA) report, released today. [See definitions, below.]
These figures have stayed roughly stable for the past 15 years.
But the condition of stocks of certain species that are fished either solely or partially in high seas areas outside of
national jurisdictions is cause for serious concern -- particularly some stocks of so-called "straddling stocks", which
regularly traverse national maritime boundaries and high-seas areas as well as highly migratory oceanic sharks.
More than half of stocks of highly migratory sharks and 66 percent of high-seas and straddling fish stocks rank as
either overexploited or depleted, the report shows, including stocks of species such as hakes, Atlantic cod and halibut,
orange roughy, basking shark and bluefin tuna.
"While these stocks represent only a small fraction of the world's fishery resources, they are key indicators of the
state of a massive piece of the ocean ecosystem," said FAO Assistant Director-General for Fisheries Ichiro Nomura.
SOFIA additionally notes that monitoring of fish captures in high seas areas is inadequate, with catch statistics being
reported only for very large areas, making accurately assessing the state of specific high seas stocks difficult and
handicapping efforts to manage them more responsibly.
Trouble spots
Looking at all marine species, the percentage of stocks exploited at or beyond their maximum sustainable levels varies
greatly by area, SOFIA shows.
Among the most troubled areas are the Southeast Atlantic, the Southeast Pacific, the Northeast Atlantic and high seas
tuna fishing grounds in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. In these areas the proportion of stocks falling into the
overexploited, depleted or recovering category runs from 46 to 66 percent of the total.
"These trends confirm that the capture potential of the world's oceans has most likely reached its ceiling, and
underscore the need for more cautious and effective fisheries management to rebuild depleted stocks and prevent the
decline of those being exploited at or close to their maximum potential," Mr Nomura said.
Multilateral management falling short of the mark
Today's report also argues that reforms are needed in order to strengthen the world's regional fisheries management
organizations (RFMOs), multilateral institutions established by governments in order to promote regional cooperation on
fisheries management.
These organizations -- 39 already exist and new ones are in the works -- represent the only realistic means of governing
the exploitation of fish stocks that occur either as shared or straddling stocks between zones of national jurisdiction,
between these zones and the high seas, or exclusively on the high seas, SOFIA says.
Yet despite efforts to improve their management capacity in recent years, "a lack of political commitment by the members
of some RFMOs and unyielding positions that mitigate against sound regional fisheries management has thwarted, if not
stalled, efforts by some RFMOs to meet and address conservation and management challenges," it adds.
"Strengthening RFMOs in order to conserve and manage fish stocks more effectively remains the major challenge facing
international fisheries governance," the report concludes.
The issue of RFMO reform will be the subject of discussions this week among high-level fisheries authorities from a
large group of countries participating in the 27th meeting of FAO's Committee on Fisheries (COFI, 5-9 March 2007). COFI
will be looking at a number of other issues as well, including the ecosystem approach to fisheries and aquaculture,
deep-sea fisheries, marine protected areas, risks posed by lost or abandoned fishing gear, and the fight against illegal
fishing.
Key findings
The state of global stocks of marine fish:
- 52% of stocks are fully exploited, meaning they are at or near their maximum sustainable production levels.
- 20% are moderately exploited,
- 17% are overexploited
- 7% are depleted
- 3% are underexploited
- 1% is recovering from depletion
Captures of fish in the wild have reached a record high of 95 million tonnes a year, with 85.8 million tonnes coming
from marine fisheries and 9.2 million tonnes from inland fisheries.
Overall, global fisheries production (marine and inland capture fisheries plus fish farming) totals 141.6 million tonnes
annually. Around 105.6 million tonnes of this (75%) is used for direct human consumption; the rest is used for non-food
products, in particular the manufacture of fishmeal and oil.
Aquaculture remains the world's fastest growing food production sector, with 47.8 million tonnes of production each
year. And with capture fisheries levelled off, fish farming is providing ever-greater amounts of fish for food. While in
1980 just 9 percent of the fish consumed by human beings came from aquaculture, today 43 percent does.
Fish and fishery products are the most traded food in the world. The global trade in fish and fishery products has also
reached a record high, with an export value of US$71.5 billion -- up 23 percent compared to 2000.
Definitions
Fully exploited: The fishery is operating at or close to an optimal yield level, with no expected room for further
expansion.
Moderately exploited: Exploited with a low level of fishing effort. Believed to have some limited potential for
expansion in total production.
Overexploited: The fishery is being exploited above a level that is believed to be sustainable in the long term, with no
potential room for further expansion and a high risk of stock depletion/collapse.
Depleted: Catches are well below historical levels, irrespective of the amount of fishing effort exerted.
Underexploited: Undeveloped or new fishery. Believed to have a significant potential for expansion in total production;
Recovering: Catches are again increasing after having been depleted.
High-seas stocks: Stocks occurring exclusively in waters beyond areas of national jurisdiction (which can be 200 miles
or less). Excluded are so-called “sedentary” species that are immobile on or under the seabed or are unable to move
except in constant physical contact with the seabed or the subsoil of the continental shelf, which remain under the
sovereign rights of coastal countries.
Migratory stocks: Marine species whose life cycle includes lengthy migrations, usually through the Exclusive Economic
Zones (EEZs) of two or more countries as well as into international waters. This term usually is used to denote highly
migratory tuna and tuna-like species, marlins and swordfish.
Straddling stocks: Fish stocks that occur both within an EEZ and in an area beyond and adjacent to EEZs.
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George Kourous
Media Relations Branch (KCIM)
Communications Division
Food & Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
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