United States Interests and Goals in Nepal
Donald Camp, Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary
Statement Before the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on International Relations
Washington, DC
March 2, 2005
Mr. Chairman, and members of the Committee, thank you for inviting me here today to discuss recent disturbing
developments in Nepal. The United States has a strong interest in helping the people of that country overcome the
serious political problems they face, and the developmental problems from which much of their current political crisis
derives. Our ultimate goal for Nepal can be put quite simply: we want Nepal to be a peaceful, prosperous and democratic
country where civil liberties and human rights are protected.
However, Nepal confronts the real possibility that a brutal Maoist insurgency might seize power. Unity among Nepal's
legitimate political forces is key to preventing that possibility. For this reason we are deeply troubled by King
Gyanendra's February 1 dismissal of the government, declaration of a state of emergency, suspension of fundamental
rights, and detention of politicians, journalists and human rights activists. This serious setback for Nepalese
democracy risks eroding even further the Nepalese Government's ability to resist the insurgency. It must be reversed.
King Gyanendra needs to move quickly to reinstate and protect civil and human rights, release those detained under the
state of emergency and begin a dialogue with the political parties intended to restore multi-party democratic
institutions under a constitutional monarchy.
In recent years, the Maoist presence has spread dramatically throughout Nepal. The Maoists have made clear their
intention to impose a one-party "people's republic," collectivize agriculture, "reeducate" class enemies, and export
their revolution to neighboring states. The humanitarian ramifications of such a regime would be immense, reminiscent of
the nightmare brought upon Cambodia by Pol Pot. Such a regime would almost certainly threaten stability in the region.
Much if not all the progress that the United States and others have helped Nepal accomplish in terms of both development
and democratization would be negated.
The longstanding political impasse between the King and the political parties, and infighting between and within the
parties themselves, has seriously hampered resistance to the Maoists, in spite of the army's growing capability to
militarily confront the insurgents. This squabbling and inability to come to an agreement on how to move forward with
democratic governance has understandably frustrated the Nepalese caught between government inaction on their grievances
and human rights abuses by the security forces on one hand and Maoist violence and brutality on the other.
The United States shares with other friends of Nepal particularly India and the United Kingdom the firm belief that the
Maoist insurgency must be resisted and addressed. The Maoists have risen to prominence through a combination of
propaganda, terror, and the real despair that so many Nepalese feel over the paralysis and failure of their political
institutions. However, Nepalese increasingly reject the Maoists' goal of a one-party republic and no longer tolerate
their methods of torture, extortion, and harsh retributions. The Maoists must be convinced that they have to rejoin the
political mainstream instead of trying to sweep it away. At the same time, the Nepalese people must be convinced that
their government can offer them a better future. The key to accomplishing this is for the legitimate political parties
and Nepal's King to unite in a multi-party, democratic framework in order to confront the Maoists and address the
country's serious developmental problems. Over the past several years we have pressed political party leaders and the
King to follow this course. We will continue to stress this message to the King as we also urge him to lift the state of
emergency and provide clear roadmaps of how he intends to restore democratic institutions and address the Maoist
insurgency. Likewise, we will encourage the political leaders as they are released to ensure their parties rejoin the
political process in a constructive manner in order to chart the way ahead.
King Gyanendra has said that his recent actions were intended to strengthen Nepal's multi-party democracy and to bring
the Maoist insurgency to an end. The King needs to quickly demonstrate through actions that he is serious in this
desire. Initial reaction from many Nepalese to his February 1 actions was positive, reflecting their widespread
frustration and despair over the years of political impasse as the Maoists gained strength. The Nepalese people now
expect progress, and they expect it soon. The government needs to release the detainees and lift the suspension of
fundamental rights. The King and the political party leaders must sit down and work together to resolve this crisis. To
apply Benjamin Franklin's wisdom to their situation, they must hang together, or assuredly, they shall hang separately.
We stand ready to help them find ways to cooperate to overcome the challenges to the future of their country.
Given this stark situation, U.S. resources and programs are more important than ever in helping Nepal defeat the
insurgency and build a peaceful and prosperous future. We are encouraged that over the past year the international
community has become increasingly united in trying to persuade the Maoists to negotiate a just peace. Even if peace were
to return, however, the country would need to address daunting problems before it could develop into a prosperous,
stable democracy: poverty, illiteracy, infant and maternal mortality, trafficking in persons, corruption, torture, and
disappearances. Key to progress in all these area is economic development throughout the country.
The United States has worked hard with Nepal's leaders to encourage them to adopt a common stance vis-à-vis the
insurgents, and prior to February 1 we saw some limited success in this regard. The King's actions at the beginning of
this month have only reinforced our conviction that ending the insurgency requires unity between the King and the
politicians. As we seek to deal with the repercussions of February 1, we intend to continue to support, as appropriate,
the Government of Nepal's ability to effectively conduct peace talks and prepare for peace. Nepal's security forces
continue to have a critical role in denying the Maoists a military victory. Donor assistance has been an important
factor in their ability to mount more effective security operations, creating an environment for increased delivery of
much-needed services for Nepalese civilians -- taking back areas hitherto controlled by the Maoists.
This brings me to the dilemma that we now face in making decisions about security assistance for Nepal, Mr. Chairman.
U.S. security assistance for Nepal this fiscal year is about $2 million. Strong arguments have been made to use such
assistance as a lever with Nepal's Government to encourage a rollback of the recent political restrictions. At the same
time, nobody wants to see Maoist gains at the expense of a less effective Nepali military. In considering this issue we
are very aware of the trade-off between the military risk resulting from cutting aid with the political risk should
there be no resolution of the current crisis between the King and the parties. Following on the King's actions, India
and the United Kingdom announced they were suspending assistance to Nepal's armed forces. We have the same step under
consideration. We have made it clear to the Government that in the current political situation our security assistance
is at risk. In our security assistance so far, we have supported Nepal's military through professional training, modern
rifles and non-lethal equipment. A central part of our program has been to reinforce the critical need for the security
forces, some of whom have engaged in serious human rights abuses, to improve their record in this respect.
We are concerned about abuses and atrocities by Maoists and human rights abuses by government security forces including
extra-judicial killings and "disappearances". An important focus of our training of, and engagement with, the Government
and its security services will remain the critical need for increased respect for human rights. We continue to vet units
receiving U.S. assistance to ensure that none is implicated in human rights violations. An amendment to the FY 2005
Senate Appropriations bill stipulated that Foreign Military Financing could be made available to Nepal if the Secretary
of State determined that Nepal was taking a number of steps to improve the human rights practices of the security
forces. We have made it clear to the Government of Nepal that we expect to see appropriate, timely and transparent
investigations of any credible allegations of abuse and that failure to do so could jeopardize our ability to continue
assistance. We will continue to convey our strong concern about human rights violations by the security forces to the
highest levels of the Nepal government and urge swift investigation and punishment.
We have allocated resources to the National Human Rights Commission to assist with recording and storing human rights
investigations. As appropriate, we plan to provide additional assistance to the Commission to expand its monitoring and
reporting capabilities. It is also critical for us and for the international community to highlight and criticize
atrocities and abuses committed -- systematically, and as a matter of strategy -- by the Maoists. We will also continue
to stress the protection of the rights of marginalized and victimized groups (e.g., trafficked persons, forced and child
laborers, including child soldiers). We are seeking a durable solution for the more than 100,000 refugees of Bhutanese
origin in Nepal and continue to work closely with UNHCR and NGOs to assure the welfare of the many resident and
transiting Tibetans in Nepal. The recent Government order to close of the Tibetan Refugee Welfare Office and the Dalai
Lama's office are also concerns. While we have not seen any change in the flow of Tibetan refugees through Nepal or in
the treatment of Tibetan refugees resident in Nepal, we are working with the Government to register the Office as a
fully functioning NGO.
The overwhelming preponderance of the assistance the United States is providing to Nepal -- 20 times the amount of our
security aid -- is devoted to the social, political and economic development the country so desperately needs. One of
our key priorities in Nepal is to strengthen democratic institutions and processes, thereby increasing the ability of
all Nepalese to have their voice heard. This in turn will undermine the Maoist insurgency whose early progress reflected
to some degree the legitimate grievances of Nepal's marginalized citizens. Our work will continue to focus on the
restoration of democratic institutions and seek to increase citizen participation and representational diversity in key
institutions and processes. We will provide assistance with respect to the planning and conduct of parliamentary
elections, if and when they are held. We will also focus on strengthening key rule of law and anti-corruption
institutions.
Nepal has some of the world's lowest social indicators, and more than half our development assistance has been
earmarked for health and family planning. This key assistance to the marginalized part of this country's population is
bearing fruit: the vast majority of Nepal's under-five children receive critical Vitamin-A supplements, thereby
significantly increasing their ability to fight off otherwise deadly diseases such as pneumonia. The fertility rate is
going down and we continue to work to help prevent and contain HIV/AIDS. Through the coordinated efforts by USAID and
the Kathmandu-based Regional Environmental Office, we seek to improve access by the poor to non-contaminated drinking
water.
Mr. Chairman, I want to assure you and the Committee that the Administration is deeply engaged in helping to resolve
the current crisis in Nepal. President Bush's declaration of the United States' support for freedom around the world
very much extends to Nepal. This Administration firmly believes in the expansion of liberty and freedom as the
foundation for lasting stability. In the coming weeks and months, we will be following through on this commitment, using
our diplomatic leverage and assistance resources, working closely with Nepal's friends and, most importantly,
encouraging the Nepalese themselves to come together to meet these very serious challenges. I appreciate the support and
interest of you and the Committee and look forward to working with you toward this goal.
Thank you. I would be happy to take questions.
Released on March 2, 2005