EU's respect for labour standards under the microscope
Brussels 25th October 2004 (ICFTU Online): Ahead of the World Trade Organisation's (WTO) review of the European Union's
trade policy on 25th and 27th October 2004, the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) is launching a
new report (http://www.icftu.org/displaydocument.asp?Index=991220651=EN) assessing the respect for core labour standards amongst the EU's 25 member states.
The report, produced with the cooperation with the European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC), finds that whilst most of
the 25 European Union member states have ratified all 8 International Labour Organisation's (ILO) core labour
conventions, exceptions remain, including in the Czech Republic, Estonia and Latvia.
In certain areas of labour policy, some additional measures are needed to comply with the commitments the European Union
accepted in declarations made at the WTO Ministerial Conferences in Singapore (1996), Geneva (1998) and Doha (2001).
Changes also need to be made to ensure full compliance with the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at
Work. There are also shortcomings in respect of the relevant articles in the (revised) European Social Charter of the
Council of Europe, which has been ratified by all 25 member states.
All EU member states have ratified both of the main ILO Conventions on trade union rights. In general, trade union
rights are respected in law and practice in the 15 long-standing EU member states. However, there are examples of
violations of trade union rights, particularly in the new member countries and labour legislation in these countries
does not always conform to the ILO Conventions. Trade union violations continue in the Czech Republic where there are
examples of refusing trade unions access to company premises, offering money for the dissolution of company unions and
refusing to deduct union dues from salaries. In Denmark, civil servants' right to strike is curtailed and there is a
serious failure to guarantee reemployment for those strikers who have participated in lawful protest.
Furthermore, the EU has not as yet explicitly recognised the right to cross-border secondary action as an integral
aspect of the right to strike. It should be emphasised, nonetheless, that the EU and its member states are bound to
observe the right to cross-border secondary action as a derivative right both in Community law and in national law, a
right which has its basis in international labour law.
All EU member states except Estonia have ratified both the main ILO Conventions concerning discrimination and equal
remuneration. Various mandatory European Union Directives provide for equal pay and equal treatment in employment.
However, in all the member states, gender differences are still very pronounced in the labour market, even in countries
where women tend to have a higher educational level - for example, in Estonia. In Austria, women earn just 74% of men's
earnings for the same work. The gender pay gap in the United Kingdom is approaching 20% whilst it is estimated as high
as 30% in Spain.
Women workers are concentrated in low-paid work, part-time work and other forms of atypical employment, which have
increased over the past twenty years, mainly in the service sector. These factors mean that the gender pay gap has been
highly resistant to change. Discrimination in the EU is not limited to gender. A major concern, especially in many of
the new member states, is the discrimination in employment against the Roma ethnic minority. In some area, unemployment
rates for Roma reach 90% (for example in Slovenia) and inequalities exist in education as well.
All EU states except the Czech Republic, Estonia and Latvia have ratified both ILO Conventions against child labour.
However, while child labour is not widespread in Europe, unacceptable exploitation of children is occurring in most
countries to some degree, mainly in the informal economy and in agriculture.
The report also highlights that with the exception of Latvia, all EU member states have ratified both of the main ILO
Conventions on forced labour. The trafficking of women and girls for forced prostitution still exists, as does the
trafficking of people for forced labour in agriculture and sweatshops.
The EU supports respect for core labour standards in several aspects of its own trading system including its Generalised
System of Preferences (GSP), under which developing countries that respect the core ILO standards are eligible for
improved access to the European market. Since 1995, countries engaging in forced labour have been liable to lose their
duty-free access to the EU market, while revisions to the GSP arrangement in 2001 extended this provision to the
flagrant violation of any of the core labour standards. At the same time, improved trade access is possible for
countries guaranteeing that they respect all the core labour standards.
The ICFTU represents 148 million workers in 234 affiliated organisations in 152 countries and territories. ICFTU is also
a member of Global Unions: http://www.global-unions.org