An Open Letter to the American People: October '04

October, 2004

An Open Letter to the American People:

We, a nonpartisan group of foreign affairs specialists, have joined together to call urgently for a change of course in American foreign and national security policy. We judge that the current American policy centered around the war in Iraq is the most misguided one since the Vietnam period, one which harms the cause of the struggle against extreme Islamist terrorists. One result has been a great distortion in the terms of public debate on foreign and national security policy—an emphasis on speculation instead of facts, on mythology instead of calculation, and on misplaced moralizing over considerations of national interest. [1] We write to challenge some of these distortions.

Although we applaud the Bush Administration for its initial focus on destroying al-Qaida bases in Afghanistan, its failure to engage sufficient U.S. troops to capture or kill the mass of al-Qaida fighters in the later stages of that war was a great blunder. It is a fact that the early shift of U.S. focus to Iraq diverted U.S. resources, including special operations forces and intelligence capabilities, away from direct pursuit of the fight against the terrorists. [2]

Many of the justifications offered by the Bush Administration for the war in Iraq have been proven untrue by credible studies, including by U.S. government agencies. There is no evidence that Iraq assisted al-Qaida, and its prewar involvement in international terrorism was negligible. [3] Iraq’s arsenal of chemical and biological weapons was negligible, and its nuclear weapons program virtually nonexistent. [4] In comparative terms, Iran is and was much the greater sponsor of terrorism, and North Korea and Pakistan pose much the greater risk of nuclear proliferation to terrorists. Even on moral grounds, the case for war was dubious: the war itself has killed over a thousand Americans and unknown thousands of Iraqis, and if the threat of civil war becomes reality, ordinary Iraqis could be even worse off than they were under Saddam Hussein. The Administration knew most of these facts and risks before the war, and could have discovered the others, but instead it played down, concealed or misrepresented them.

Policy errors during the occupation and reconstruction of Iraq have created a situation in Iraq worse than it needed to be. Spurning the advice of Army Chief of Staff General Shinseki, the Administration committed an inadequate number of troops to the occupation, leading to the continuing failure to establish security in Iraq. Ignoring prewar planning by the State Department and other US government agencies, it created a needless security vacuum by disbanding the Iraqi Army, and embarked on a poorly planned and ineffective reconstruction effort which to date has managed to spend only a fraction of the money earmarked for it. [5] As a result, Iraqi popular dismay at the lack of security, jobs or reliable electric power fuels much of the violent opposition to the U.S. military presence, while the war itself has drawn in terrorists from outside Iraq.

The results of this policy have been overwhelmingly negative for U.S. interests. [6] While the removal of Saddam Hussein’s regime was desirable, the benefit to the U.S. was small as prewar inspections had already proven the extreme weakness of his WMD programs, and therefore the small size of the threat he posed. On the negative side, the excessive U.S. focus on Iraq led to weak and inadequate responses to the greater challenges posed by North Korea’s and Iran’s nuclear programs, and diverted resources from the economic and diplomatic efforts needed to fight terrorism in its breeding grounds in Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and elsewhere in the Middle East. Worse, American actions in Iraq, including but not limited to the scandal of Abu Ghraib, have harmed the reputation of the U.S. in most parts of the Middle East and, according to polls, made Osama Bin Laden more popular in some countries than is President Bush. This increased popularity makes it easier for al-Qaida to raise money, attract recruits, and carry out its terrorist operations than would otherwise be the case.

Recognizing these negative consequences of the Iraq war, in addition to the cost in lives and money, we believe that a fundamental reassessment is in order. Significant improvements are needed in our strategy in Iraq and the implementation of that strategy. We call urgently for an open debate on how to achieve these ends, one informed by attention to the facts on the ground in Iraq, the facts of al-Qaida’s methods and strategies, and sober attention to American interests and values.

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[1] On the mythology, see Jack Snyder, “Imperial Temptations,” The National Interest, Spring 2003.

[2] See, e.g., James Fallows, “Bush’s Lost Year,” The Atlantic, October 2004.

[3] National Commission on Terrorist Attacks, “The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States,” (W.W. Norton & Co., 2004).

[4] The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, “WMD in Iraq: Evidence and Implications,” January 2004; Chaim Kaufmann, “Threat Inflation and the Failure of the Marketplace of Ideas: The Selling of the Iraq War,” International Security vol. 29, no. 1 (Summer 2004). Weapons inspector Charles Duelfer concluded Saddam's Iraq had no stockpiles of weapons of mass destruction in an interview on NPR’s “All Things Considered,” October 6, 2004.

[5] See, e.g., James Fallows, “Blind Into Baghdad,” The Atlantic, January/February 2004; Peter W. Galbraith, "Iraq: The Bungled Transition," New York Review of Books, September 23, 2004; David M. Edelstein, "Occupational Hazards: Why Military Occupations Succeed or Fail," International Security, Vol. 29, No. 1 (Summer 2004), Robin Wright and Thomas E. Rick, “Bremer Criticizes Troop Levels” Washington Post, October 5, 2004.

[6] On negative impacts on the war on terrorism, see Mia Bloom, Dying to Kill: The Allure of Suicide Terrorism (New York: Columbia University Press, forthcoming); Ivan Arreguin-Toft, “Tunnel at the End of the Light: A Critique of U.S. Counter-Terrorist Grand Strategy,” Cambridge Review of International Affairs, vol. 15, no. 3 (2002); Robert A. Pape, “The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism,” American Political Science Review 97, no. 3 (August 2003), and “Dying to Kill Us,” New York Times, September 22, 2003, p. A17; Anonymous, Imperial Hubris (Washington, DC: Brassey’s, 2004). Regarding problems in Iraq itself, see Anthony H. Cordesman, “The Critical Role of Iraqi Military, Security, and Police Forces: Necessity, Problems, and Progress,” Center for Strategic and International Studies, Third Revised Draft: September 27, 2004 (3.1); David Rapoport, “The Fourth Wave: September 11 in the History of Terrorism,” Current History (December 2001); and Douglas Jehl, "US Intelligence Shows Pessimism On Iraq's Future," The New York Times, September 16, 2004, page A1.

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Senior Lecturer in International Relations, Department of Political Science

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Director, Security Policy Studies, Elliott School of International Affairs

George Washington University

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Walter Samuel Carpenter III Professor of Spanish Civilization and Culture

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University of Washington

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University of Notre Dame

Elaine C. Hagopian

Professor Emerita of Sociology

Simmons College, Boston

Stacy Bergstrom Haldi

Adjunct Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science

Gettysburg College

Rodney Bruce Hall

Academic Director, Oxford University Foreign Service Programme

University of Oxford

Gary G. Hamilton

Department of Sociology and The Jackson School of International Studies

University of Washington

Landon E. Hancock

Visiting Assistant Professor, Institute for Conflict Analysis & Resolution

George Mason University

Patrick J. Haney

Professor, Assistant Chair and Chief Departmental Adviser, Department of Political Science

Miami University

Hurst Hannum

Professor of International Law and Co-Director, Center for Human Rights & Conflict Resolution, The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy

Tufts University

Russell Hardin

Professor, Department of Politics

New York University

Jeffrey Hart

Professor, Department of Political Science

Indiana University

Walter Hatch

Assistant Professor, Department of Government

Colby College

Virginia Haufler

Associate Professor and Placement Director Department of Government and Politics

University of Maryland College Park

David R Hayes

Assistant Professor of International Relations

Troy State University

Waleed Hazbun

Assistant Professor Department of Political Science

The Johns Hopkins University

John Hazlett

Director, B.A. in International Studies, College of Liberal Arts

University of New Orleans

Martin O. Heisler

Professor of Government and Politics

University of Maryland

Yoshiko Herrera

Associate Professor of Government

Harvard University

Gary Herrigel

Associate Professor of Political Science and the College

University of Chicago

Richard K. Herrmann

Professor, Department of Political Science

Ohio State University

Shareen Hertel

Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science and Human Rights Institute

University of Connecticut, Storrs

David Hirschmann

Professor and Director, International Development Program

School of International Service American University

Theresa Hitchens

Vice President

Center for Defense Information

Jennifer L. Hochschild

Henry LaBarre Jayne Professor of Government and Professor of African and African American Studies

Harvard University

Kathryn Hochstetler

Political Science Department

Colorado State University

Wolfgang Hoeschele

Associate Professor of Geography, Division of Social Science

Truman State University

Stanley Hoffmann

Buttenwieser University Professor, Center for European Studies

Harvard University

Ole R. Holsti

George V. Allen Professor, Department of Political Science

Duke University

K. J. Holsti

University Killam Professor, Centre for International Relations

University of British Columbia

Steven W. Hook

Associate Professor, Department of Political Science

Kent State University

Ted Hopf

Associate Professor, Department of Political Science

Ohio State University

Raymond Hopkins

Professor of Political Science

Swarthmore College

P. Terrence Hopmann

Professor of Political Science, Brown University

2004-5 Fellow, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, DC

Peter M. Howard

Assistant Professor, School of International Service

American University

Marc Morjé Howard

Assistant Professor of Government

Georgetown University

Dick Howard

Distinguished Professor of Philosophy

State University of New York, Stony Brook

Chris Howell

Professor of Politics

Oberlin College

Aida A. Hozic

Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science

University of Florida

Mala Htun

Assistant Professor of Political Science

New School for Social Research

George E. Hudson

Professor and Chair, Department of Political Science and Director, Russian Area Studies Program

Wittenberg University

Michael C. Hudson

Seif Ghobash Professor of Arab Studies, and Director, Center for Contemporary Arab Studies

Georgetown University

Michael G. Huelshoff

Associate Professor, Department of Political Science

University of New Orleans

Victoria Tin-bor Hui

Visiting Fellow, Kellogg Institute

Visiting Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Notre Dame

Richard Hula

Professor and Chair, Department of Political Science

Michigan State University

Ian Hurd

Assistant Professor of Political Science

Northwestern University

Elizabeth Shakman Hurd

Assistant Professor of International Relations

Northwestern University

Roger Hurwitz

CSAIL: Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Paul D. Hutchcroft

Associate Professor, Department of Political Science

University of Wisconsin, Madison

G. John Ikenberry

Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs, Department of Political Science

Princeton University

Cynthia Irvin

Senior Social Scientist

RTI International

Patrick Thaddeus Jackson

Assistant Professor of International Relations, School of International Service

American University

William D. Jackson

Professor, Department of Political Science

Miami University

Amaney Jamal

Assistant Professor of Politics

Princeton University

Laura D. Jenkins

Associate Professor of Political Science

University of Cincinnati

Bruce W. Jentleson

Director, Terry Sanford Institute of Public Policy Chair, Department of Public Policy Studies Professor of Public Policy and Political Science

Duke University

Robert Jervis

Adlai E. Stevenson Professor of International Politics

Columbia University

Juliet Johnson

Associate Professor, Department of Political Science

McGill University

James Johnson

Associate Professor, Department of Political Science

University of Rochester

Ian Johnstone

Associate Professor of International Law, Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy

Tufts University

Christopher C. Joyner

Professor, Department of Government and the School of Foreign Service; Director, Institute for International Law and Politics

Georgetown University

Peter Juviler

Emeritus Professor of Political Science

Barnard College, Columbia University

Miles Kahler

Rohr Professor of Pacific International Relations and Director, Institute for International, Comparative, and Area Studies (IICAS)

University of California, San Diego

Roger E. Kanet

Political Science Professor, Department of International Studies

University of Miami

Terry Lynn Karl

Professor of Political Science and Gildred Professor of Latin American Studies

Stanford University

Greg Kasza

Professor, Department of Political Science

Indiana University

Andrew Z. Katz

Associate Professor and Chair, Department of Political Science

Denison University

Mary Fainsod Katzenstein

Professor, Department of Government and Center for Advanced Studies

Cornell University

Peter J. Katzenstein

Professor, Department of Government

Cornell University

Lawrence Katzenstein

Senior Lecturer Hubert H. Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs

University of Minnesota

Robert R. Kaufman

Professor, Department of Political Science

Rutgers University

Stuart J. Kaufman

Professor, Department of Political Science and International Relations

University of Delaware

Joyce P. Kaufman

Professor of Political Science

Whittier College

Chaim D. Kaufmann

Associate Professor, Department of International Relations

Lehigh University

Sean Kay

Associate Professor of Politics and Government and Chair, International Studies

Ohio Wesleyan University

Christine A. Kearney

Assistant Professor, Department of Politics and Adjunct Assistant Research Professor, Watson Institute for International Studies, Brown University.

Saint Anselm College

Margaret Keck

Professor, Department of Political Science

Johns Hopkins University

Judith Kelley

Assistant Professor of Public Policy and Political Science

Duke University

Michael D. Kennedy

Professor of Sociology

University of Michigan

Charles D. Kenney

Associate Professor, Department of Political Science

University of Oklahoma

Robert O. Keohane

James B. Duke Professor of Political Science

Duke University

Elizabeth Kier

Associate Professor, Department of Political Science

University of Washington

Baruch Kimmerling

George S. Wise Professor of Sociology, Department of Sociology and Anthropology

The Hebrew University

Dwight Y. King

Professor and Director of Graduate Studies, Department of Political Science

Northern Illinois University

David Kinsella

Associate Professor, Hatfield School of Government

Portland State University

Jonathan Kirshner

Associate Professor, Department of Government

Cornell University

Alan Klæbel

Research Fellow, Institute of Political Science

University of Copenhagen

Joseph Kling

Chair, Government Department

St. Lawrence University

Audie Klotz

Associate Professor of Political Science

Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs Syracuse University

Charles Knight

Co-Director, Project on Defense Alternatives

Commonwealth Institute

Richard H. Kohn

Professor, Department of History and Chair, Curriculum in Peace, War, and Defense

University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill

Edward A. Kolodziej

(Emeritus) Research Professor of Political Science

University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

Andrzej Korbonski

Professor of Political Science Emeritus

UCLA

Melinda Kovacs

Assistant Professor of Political Science

Concordia College

Paul A. Kowert

Associate Professor, Department of International Relations

Florida International University

Matthew Krain

Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science and Chair, International Relations Program

The College of Wooster

Ellis S. Krauss

Professor, Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies

University of California, San Diego

Ronald R. Krebs

Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science

University of Minnesota

Joel Krieger

Norma Wilentz Hess Professor of Political Science

Wellesley College

Louis Kriesberg

Maxwell Professor Emeritus of Social Conflict Studies

Syracuse University

Daniel Kryder

Department of Politics

Brandeis

Jan Kubik

Associate Professor, Department of Political Science

Rutgers University

Erik Martinez Kuhonta

Visiting Research Fellow at the Asia Research Institute

National Un iversity of Singapore.

Charles A. Kupchan

Professor of International Affairs, Georgetown University

Senior Fellow, Council on Foreign Relations

Andrew Kydd

Associate Professor, Department of Government

Harvard University

David Laitin

Professor, Department of Political Science

Stanford University

David A. Lake

Professor, Department of Political Science

University of California, San Diego

Steven L. Lamy

Director and Professor, School of International Relations

University of Southern California

Richard Langhorne

Director, Center for Global Change and Governance

Rutgers University

Vickie Langohr

Assistant Professor of Political Science

College of the Holy Cross

Gail W. Lapidus

Senior Fellow, Stanford Institute for International Studies and Professor Emerita of Political Science

University of California, Berkeley

J. Chappell H. Lawson

Class of 1954 Career Development Professor, Department of Political Science

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Fred H. Lawson

Professor of Government

Mills College

Christopher Layne

Contributing Editor

The American Conservative

Anna Leander

Associate Professor, Dept. of Political Science and Public Administration

University of Southern Denmark

James H. Lebovic

Associate Professor of Political Science and International Affairs

The George Washington University

Richard Ned Lebow

James O. Freedman Presidential Professor of Government

Dartmouth College

Angela D. Ledford

Assistant Professor of Political Science and Women's Studies Coordinator, Department of History and Political Science

The College of Saint Rose

Jeffrey W. Legro

Associate Professor, Woodrow Wilson Department of Politics

University of Virginia

Robert Legvold

Professor of Political Science

Columbia University

David Leheny

Assistant Professor Department of Political Science

University of Wisconsin-Madison

Daniel S. Lev

Emeritus Professor of Political Science

University of Washington

Margaret Levi

Jere L. Bacharach Professor of International Studies Department of Political Science, Director, CHAOS (Comparative Historical Analysis of Organizations and States)

University of Washington, Seattle

Jack S. Levy

Board of Governors' Professor, Department of Political Science

Rutgers University

Peter M. Lewis

Associate Professor, School of International Service

American University

Peter Liberman

Associate Professor of Political Science

Queens College and The Graduate Center, The City University of New York

Roy Licklider

Professor, Department of Political Science

Rutgers University

R. William Liddle

Professor of Political Science

The Ohio State University

Arend Lijphart

Research Professor Emeritus of Political Science

University of California, San Diego

Dan Lindley

Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science and Fellow, Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies

University of Notre Dame

Ronnie D. Lipschutz

Professor of Politics

Stevenson College, University of California, Santa Cruz

Michael Lipson

Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science

Concordia University

Sarah K. Lischer

Assistant Professor, Department of Government

Sweet Briar College

Karen Litfin

Associate Professor, Department of Political Science

University of Washington

Pierre P. Lizee

Associate Professor Department of Political Science

Brock University

Carolyn Logan

Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science Associate Director (MSU), Afrobarometer

Michigan State University

Michael Loriaux

Associate Professor of Political Science

Northwestern University.

Marie Olson Lounsbery

Assistant Professor, Department of Conflict Analysis and Resolution

Nova Southeastern University

Paul M. Lubeck

Professor and Director, Center for Global, International and Regional Studies

University of California, Santa Cruz

Pauline Jones Luong

Associate Professor Department of Political Science

Brown University

Ian S. Lustick

Bess W. Heyman Professor, Department of Political Science

University of Pennsylvania

Ellen Lust-Okar

Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science and Yale Center for International and Area Studies

Yale University

Catherine Lutz

Watson Institute for International Studie

Brown University

Marc Lynch

Associate Professor, Department of Political Science

Williams College

John A. Lynn

Professor of History

University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

Patricia L. Maclachlan

Associate Professor of Asian Studies and Government

University of Texas at Austin

Dewar MacLeod

Assistant Professor of History

William Paterson University

Malgosia Madajewicz

Assistant Professor of Economics and International Affairs

Columbia University

Bruce Magnusson

Assistant Professor, Department of Politics

Whitman College

Vincent A. Mahler

Professor Department of Political Science

Loyola University Chicago

Scott Mainwaring

Director, Kellogg Institute for International Studies

University of Notre Dame

Stephen J. Majeski

Professor and Chair, Department of Political Science

University of Washington

Peter P. Mandaville

Director, Center for Global Studies

George Mason University

Kristina Mani

Assistant Professor, Politics Department

Oberlin College

Bruce Mannheim

Professor of Anthropology

University of Michigan

Richard W. Mansbach

Professor, Department of Political Science

Iowa State University

Michael Margolis

Professor, Department of Political Science

University of Cincinnati

Andrei S. Markovits

Karl W. Deutsch Collegiate Professor of Comparative Politics and German Studies

University of Michigan, Ann Arbor

Irving Leonard Markovitz

Professor of Political Science, Queens College

Professor, The Graduate Center, City University of New York

Renée E. Marlin-Bennett

Associate Professor, School of International Service and Director, Division of International Politics and Foreign Policy

American University

Kimberly Marten

Associate Professor, Department of Political Science

Barnard College, Columbia University

Lisa L. Martin

Clarence Dillon Professor of International Affairs, Department of Government

Harvard University

Susan B. Martin

Lecturer, Department of War Studies

King's College London

Félix E. Martín

Assistant Professor, Department of International Relations

Florida International University

Philip Mauceri

Director, Center for International Peace and Security Studies

University of Northern Iowa

Patricia A Maulden

Institute for Conflict Analysis and Resolution

George Mason University

Barrett L. McCormick

Professor, Political Science Department

Marquette University

Rose McDermott

Associate Professor, Department of Political Science

University of California, Santa Barbara

Siobhan McEvoy-Levy

Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science

Butler University

Eric M. McGlinchey

Assistant Professor, Political Science Department

Iowa State University

Dean E. McHenry, Jr.

Professor, Department of Politics and Policy

Claremont Graduate University

Margaret A. McKean

Associate Professor, Political Science

Duke University

Timothy J. McKeown

Professor, Department of Political Science

University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill

Patrice C. McMahon

Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science

University of Nebraska, Lincoln

Kathleen R. McNamara

Associate Professor of Government & Foreign Service Department of Government

Georgetown University

John J. Mearsheimer

Professor, Political Science Department

University of Chicago

John Mehrtens

Assistant Professor Department of Political Science

University of Nevada - Las Vegas

Sarah E. Mendelson

Senior Fellow

Center for Strategic and International Studies

Rajan Menon

Monroe J. Rathbone Professor of International Relations and Fellow, New America Foundation

Lehigh University

Jon Mercer

Associate Professor, Department of Political Science

University of Washington, Seattle

Julie A. Mertus

Associate Professor, School of International Service

American University

Sophie Meunier

Research Associate in Public and International Affairs

Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs Princeton University

William H. Meyer

Professor, Department of Political Science

University of Delaware

Elliott L. Meyrowitz

Adjunct Professor of Law, Michigan State University College of Law

Adjunct Professor of History, Wayne State University

Paul Midford

School of Policy Studies

Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Japan

Manus I. Midlarsky

Moses and Annuta Back Professor of International Peace and Conflict Resolution

Rutgers University, New Brunswick

Mark J. Miller

Emma Smith Morris Professor, Department of Political Science and International Relations

University of Delaware

Kurt Mills

Lecturer in International Human Rights, Department of Politics

University of Glasgow

Helen V. Milner

B. C. Forbes Professor of Politics and International Affairs, Department of Politics

Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University

Karen Mingst

Lockwood Chair Professor of International Political Economy, Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce

University of Kentucky

Ronald Mitchell

Associate Professor, Department of Political Science

University of Oregon

James H. Mittelman

Professor, School of International Service

American University

Jennifer Mitzen

Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science

Ohio State University

Mike Mochizuki

Director and Holder of the Japan-U.S. Relations Chair, Sigur Center for Asian Studies, Elliott School of International Affairs

George Washington University

José Ramón Montero

Catedrático de Ciencia Política y Director, Departamento de Ciencia Política y Relaciones Internacionales, Facultad de Derecho

Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain

J. Donald Moon

John E. Andrus Professor of Government

Wesleyan University

Rebecca R. Moore

Associate Professor of Political Science and Director, Global Studies Program

Concordia College

Pete W. Moore

Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science

University of Miami

Kimberly J. Morgan

Assistant Professor of Political Science and International Affairs

George Washington University

Trevor G. N. Morris

Professor of International Studies and Dean of the School of Public Affairs

Methodist College

Layna Mosley

Assistant Professor, Dept of Political Science

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Ambler Moss

Professor of International Studies

University of Miami

Michael Mousseau

Associate Professor of International Relations

Koc University

John Mueller

Woody Hayes Chair of National Security Studies

Ohio State University

Craig N. Murphy

M. Margaret Ball Professor of International Relations

Wellesley College

Shoon Murray

Associate Professor, School of International Service

American University

Laura Neack

Rejai Professor, Department of Political Science

Miami University

Clark Neher

Emeritus Professor, Department of Political Science and Emeritus Director, Center for Southeast Asian Studies

Northern Illinois University

Daniel N. Nelson

Dean, College of Arts and Sciences

University of New Haven

Matthew J. Nelson

Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science

Bates College

Immanuel Ness

Associate Professor of Political Science, Brooklyn College

City University of New York

Iver B. Neumann

Research Professor

Norwegian Institute of International Affairs

Catharine Newbury

Professor of Government and Five College Professor of African Studies

Smith College

Randall Newnham

Associate Professor, Department of Political Science

Penn State, Berks-Lehigh Valley

Daniel H. Nexon

Assistant Professor, Department of Government and School of Foreign Service

Georgetown University

Philip Nord

Professor of History

Princeton University

Sean Norris

Adjunct Professor, Dept. of Govt. and Politics

St. John's University, New York

Andrew Norris

Assistant Professor of Political Science

University of Pennsylvania

James O'Connell

Professor Emeritus of Peace Studies

University of Bradford

Barry O'Neill

Professor, Department of Political Science

University of California, Los Angeles

John S. Odell

Professor, School of International Relations

University of Southern California

Joel E. Oestreich

Assistant Professor of Political Science

Drexel University

Nicholas Onuf

Professor, Department of International Relations

Florida International University

Ido Oren

Associate Professor and Associate Chair, Department of Political Science

University of Florida

David Ost

Professor of Political Science

Hobart & William Smith Colleges

Taylor Owen

Post Graduate Fellow in Genocide Studies

Yale University

Robert Paarlberg

Professor of Political Science

Wellesley College

John F. Padgett

Associate Professor of Political Science and Research Professor, Santa Fe Institute

University of Chicago

Glenn Palmer

Associate Professor, Department of Political Science

Pennsylvania State University

Robert A. Pape

Associate Professor, Political Science Department

University of Chicago

Scott Parrish

Visiting Associate Professor of International Policy Studies and Senior Research Associate, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Monterey Institute of International Studies

Editor, Nonproliferation Review

Robert A. Pastor

Professor of International Relations and Vice President of International Affairs

American University

Louis W. Pauly

Director, Centre for International Studies

University of Toronto

Leigh Payne

Professor, Department of Political Science

University of Wisconsin, Madison

Rodger A. Payne

Professor, Department of Political Science

University of Louisville

Mark Peceny

Associate Professor, Department of Political Science

University of New Mexico

Scott Pegg

Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis

Yoav Peled

Associate Professor Department of Political Science

Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv, Israel

T.J. Pempel

Director, Institute of East Asian Studies

University of California, Berkeley

Susan E. Penksa

Associate Professor, Department of Political Science

Westmont College

Peter C. Perdue

T.T. and Wei Fong Chao Professor of Asian Civilizations and Professor of History

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Elizabeth J. Perry

Henry Rosovsky Professor of Government

Harvard University

Randolph B. Persaud

Associate Professor of International Relations

American University

Rosalind P. Petchesky

Distinguished Professor of Political Science

Hunter College & the Graduate Center, City University of New York

Roger Petersen

Associate Professor, Political Science Department

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

V. Spike Peterson

Professor, Department of Political Science

University of Arizona

M. J. Peterson

Professor of Political Science

University of Massachusetts Amherst

Susan Peterson

Professor of Government, College of William and Mary

Executive Editor, Security Studies

Jon Pevehouse

Associate Professor, Department of Political Science

University of Wisconsin, Madison

Daniel Philpott

Associate Professor, Department of Political Science and Faculty Fellow, Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies

University of Notre Dame

John T. Picarelli

Research Lecturer, School of International Service and Project Director, Transnational Crime and Corruption Center

American University

Daniel A. Pinkston

Senior Research Associate, Center for Nonproliferation Studies

Monterey Institute of International Studies

David Pion-Berlin

Professor, Department of Political Science

University of California, Riverside

Brian M. Pollins

Associate Professor of Political Science

The Ohio State University

Jonas Pontusson

Professor of Government

Cornell University

Barry R. Posen

Ford International Professor of Political Science, Security Studies Program

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Marsha Pripstein Posusney

Professor of Political Science

Bryant University

William C. Potter

Institute Professor and Director, Center for Nonproliferation Studies

Monterey Institute of International Studies

Robert Powell

Robson Professor of Political Science

UC Berkeley

Jeremy Pressman

Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science

University of Connecticut

Elisabeth Prugl

Associate Professor and Graduate Director, Department of International Relations

Florida International University

Robert D. Putnam

Department of Government

Harvard University

James Putzel

Director Crisis States Research Centre

London School of Economics and Political Science

David C. Rapoport

Professor Emeritus, Department of Political Science, University of California. Los Angeles

Editor, Journal of Terrorism and Political Violence

Karen Rasler

Professor, Department of Political Science

Indiana University

James Lee Ray

Professor, Department of Political Science

Vanderbilt University

Gregory A. Raymond

Frank Church Professor of International Relations

Boise State University

Patrick D. Reagan

Professor of History

Tennessee Technological University

Laura Reed

Research Fellow, Belfer Center for Security and International Affairs

Harvard University

Simon Reich

Professor and Director, Ford Institute for Human Security

University of Pittsburgh

Kim D. Reimann

Assistant Professor, Political Science Department

Georgia State University

Dan Reiter

Professor of Political Science

Emory University

Darius Rejali

Professor of Political Science

Reed College

Thomas F. Remington

Professor and Chair Department of Political Science

Emory University

Chris Reus-Smit

Professor and Head of Department, Department of International Relations

Australian National University

Sybil Rhodes

Assistant Professor of Political Science

Western Michigan University

Edward Rhodes

Dean, Social and Behavioral Sciences, and Associate Professor, Political Science

Rutgers University

Neil R. Richardson

Professor of Political Science

University of Wisconsin, Madison

James Richter

Professor of Political Science

Bates College

James V. Riker

Associate Director, The Democracy Collaborative

University of Maryland

Jeffrey M. Ritter

Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science

Rutgers University

Cynthia Roberts

Associate Professor of Political Science

Hunter College, City University of New York

Kenneth M. Roberts

Associate Professor and Chair, Department of Political Science

University of New Mexico

William I. Robinson

Associate Professor Department of Sociology Global and International Studies Latin American and Iberian Studies

University of California, Santa Barbara

Bert A. Rockman

Professor and Director, School of Public Policy and Managemen

The Ohio State University

Peter Rogers

Assistant Professor, Environmental Studies

Bates College

Ronald Rogowski

Professor, Department of Political Science

University of California, Los Angeles

William Rose

Professor, Department of Government

Connecticut College

Marc Rosenblum

Assistant Professor of Political Science

University of New Orleans

Peter Rosendorff

Director, Center for International Studies Associate Professor, International Relations and Economics

University of Southern California

Stephen J. Rosow

Professor of Political Science and Global Studies

State University of New York, Oswego

Donald Rothchild

Professor, Department of Political Science

University of California, Davis

Barnett R. Rubin

Director of Studies and Senior Fellow, Center on International Cooperation

New York University

Susanne Hoeber Rudolph

Professor of Political Science Emerita

University of Chicago

Chris Rudolph

Visiting Assistant Professor, BMW Center for German & European Studies, Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service

Georgetown University

Lloyd Rudolph

Professor Department of Political Science

University of Chicago

Mark Rupert

Professor of Political Science

Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs Syracuse University

Frank Louis Rusciano

Professor of Political Science and Global and Multinational Studies

Rider University

Roberta Fiske Rusciano

Associate Professor of Political Science

Rider University

Bruce Russett

Dean Acheson Professor of International Relations

Yale University

Peter Rutland

Professor, Government Department

Wesleyan University

Karl W. Ryavec

Professor Emeritus, Dept. of Political Science

University of Massachusetts, Amherst

Tal Sadeh

Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science

Tel Aviv University

Scott D. Sagan

Professor of Political Science

Stanford University

Abdul Aziz Said

Professor of International Relations

School of International Service, American University

Stephen M. Saideman

Canada Research Chair in International Security and Ethnic Conflict and Associate Professor of Political Science

McGill University

Nicholas Sambanis

Assistant Professor of Political Science

Yale University

Richard J. Samuels

Ford International Professor of Political Science and Director, Center for International Studies

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Eve Sandberg

Associate Professor, Politics Department

Oberlin College

Meredith Reid Sarkees

Senior Fellow, Center for Women's InterCultural Leadership

Saint Mary's College

Saskia Sassen

Ralph Lewis Professor of Sociology

University of Chicago

Wolf Schaefer

Professor and Director of the Center for Global History, Department of History

Stony Brook University

Frederic C. Schaffer

Research Associate, Center for International Studies

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Edward Schatz

Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science

Southern Illinois University

Michael G. Schatzberg

Professor, Department of Political Science

University of Wisconsin, Madison

Vivien A. Schmidt

Jean Monnet Professor of European Integration, Department of International Relations

Boston University

Philippe C. Schmitter

Professor of Political Science

European University Institute and Stanford University (emeritus

Cathy Schneider

Associate Professor, School of International Service

American University

Peter J. Schraeder

Professor, Department of Political Science

Loyola University

Miranda Schreurs

Associate Professor, Department of Government and Politics

University of Maryland

Philip A. Schrodt

Professor, Department of Political Science

University of Kansas

Paul W. Schroeder

Emeritus Professor of History and Political Science

University of Illinois

Kenneth A. Schultz

Associate Professor, Department of Political Science

Stanford University

Jillian Schwedler

Assistant Professor, Department of Government and Politics

University of Maryland

Karl H Schwerin

Professor Emeritus Dept. of Anthropology

Univ. of New Mexico Albuquerque

Joan W. Scott

Professor of Social Science

Institute for Advanced Study

Leonard Seabrooke

Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of International Relations

Australian National University

Amy Searight

Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science and Elliot School of International Affairs

The George Washington University

Susan K. Sell

Associate Professor of Political Science and International Affairs, Department of Political Science

George Washington University

Ken Shadlen

Development Studies Institute (DESTIN)

London School of Economics and Political Science

D. Michael Shafer

Professor of Political Science and Director, Center for Global Security and Democracy

Rutgers University

Samer Shehata

Visiting Assistant Professor, Center for Contemporary Arab Studies, Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service

Georgetown University

Rosemary E. Shinko

Political Science Adjunct Coordinator, The Source for Active Learning

University of Connecticut, Stamford Campus

Steven A. Shull

Research Professor

University of New Orleans

Kathryn Sikkink

Arleen Carlson Professor of Political Science

University of Minnesota

Rudra Sil

Associate Professor and Chair of Undergraduate Program, Department of Political Science

University of Pennsylvania

Jeffrey K. Silverman

Instructor, Geopolitics

International Black Sea University, Tbilisi, Georgia

Sheldon Simon

Professor of Political Science

Arizona State University

David Andrew Singer

Assistant Professor of Political Science

University of Notre Dame

Peter Singer

Ira W. DeCamp Professor of Bioethics, University Center for Human Values

Princeton University

J.David Singer

Professor Emeritus, Department of Political Science

University of Michigan

Patricia Siplon

Associate Professor, Department of Political Science

Saint Michael's College

Randolph M. Siverson

Professor of Political Science and Director, International Relations Program

University of California, Davis

Theda Skocpol

Victor S. Thomas Professor of Government and Sociology and Director of the Center for American Political Studies

Harvard University

Eugene B. Skolnikoff

Professor of Political Science Emeritus

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Stanley R. Sloan

Director, Atlantic Community Initiative

Visiting Scholar, Middlebury College, Vermont

Arthur A. Small, III

Assistant Professor School of International & Public Affairs and Earth Institute

Columbia University

Margaret E. Smith

Assistant Professor

School of International Service American University

Kristin Smith

Qatar Post-Doctoral Fellow

Center for Contemporary Arab Studies, Georgetown University

Mitchell P. Smith

Associate Professor, Department of Political Science and School of International and Area Studies (SIAS) and Co-Director, European Union Center

The University of Oklahoma

David G. Smith

Emeritus Professor of Political Science

Swarthmore College

Michael E. Smith

Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science

Georgia State University

Michael Joseph Smith

Sorensen Professor of Political & Social Thought

University of Virginia

William C. Smith

Professor, Department of International Studies, University of Miami

Editor, Latin American Politics and Society

Duncan Snidal

Associate Professor of Political Science & Public Policy

University of Chicago

Jack L. Snyder

Robert and Renée Belfer Professor of International Relations

Columbia University

Etel Solingen

Professor, Department of Political Science

University of California Irvine

Dina Spechler

Associate Professor, Dept. of Political Science

Indiana University

Ronald Spector

Professor of History and International Relations, Elliott School of International Relations

George Washington University

James C. Sperling

Professor, Department of Political Science

University of Akron

Valerie Sperling

Associate Professor of Government and International Relations

Clark University

Hendrik Spruyt

Norman Dwight Harris Professor of International Relations

Northwestern University

William D. Stanley

Associate Professor of Political Science

University of New Mexico

Harvey Starr

Chair and Dag Hammarskjold Professor in International Affairs, Department of Political Science

University of South Carolina

John D. Stempel

Senior Professor of International Relations and Acting Director, Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce

University of Kentucky

Carolyn M. Stephenson

Associate Professor, Political Science

University of Hawaii at Manoa

Jennifer Sterling-Folker

Associate Professor and Director of Undergraduate Studies, Department of Political Science

University of Connecticut

Jessica Stern

Lecturer in Public Policy, Kennedy School of Government

Harvard University

Peter Stoett

Associate Professor, Department of Political Science

Concordia University

Gale Stokes

Mary Gibbs Jones Professor of History, History Department

Rice University

Dietlind Stolle

Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science

McGill University

Sherrill Stroschein

Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science

Ohio University

J.J. Suh

Assistant Professor Department of Government

Cornell University

Marianna Pulaski Sullivan

Professor of Political Science Director, International Studies Program

The College of New Jersey

Michael J. Sullivan III

Professor of History and Politics

Drexel University

David Sylvan

Professor of International Relations, Political Science Department

Graduate Institute of International Studies, Geneva

Jeff Taliaferro

Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science

Tufts University

Nina Tannenwald

Director, International Relations Program, Watson Institute for International Studies

Brown University

David W. Tarr

Emeritus Professor, Department of Political Science

University of Wisconsin, Madison

Sidney Tarrow

Maxwell M. Upson Professor of Government

Cornell University

William Taubman

Professor of Political Science

Amherst College

Lynn Tesser

Scholar in Residence, School of International Service

American University

Strom C. Thacker

Associate Professor, Department of International Relations

Boston University

Kathleen Thelen

Professor of Political Science

Northwestern University

Wendy Theodore

Assistant Professor Africana Studies

University of Arizona

Daniel C. Thomas

Associate Professor, Department of Political Science

University of Pittsburgh

Alexander Thompson

Assistant Professor of Political Science

Ohio State University

Daniel J. Tichenor

Associate Professor, Department of Political Science and Eagleton Institute of Politics

Rutgers University, New Brunswick

J. Ann Tickner

Professor School of International Relations, University of Southern California

Adjunct Professor (Research), Watson Institute, Brown University

Michael J. Tierney

Assistant Professor of Government

College of William and Mary

Ronald Tiersky

Eastman Professor of Politics

Amherst College

Virginia Q. Tilley

Associate Professor of Political Science and Coordinator of International Relations

Hobart and William Smith Colleges

Mark Tilton

Associate Professor, Department of Political Science

Purdue University

Monica Duffy Toft

Associate Professor of Public Policy and Assistant Director of the John M. Olin Institute for Strategic Studies

Harvard University

Juan Gabriel Tokatlian

Director, Political Science and International Relations

Universidad de San Andres

Howard Tolley, Jr.

Professor of Political Science

University of Cincinnati

Joel J. Toppen

Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science

Hope College

Aili Mari Tripp

Associate Dean, International Studies, and Professor of Political Science and Women's Studies

University of Wisconsin, Madison

Judyth Twigg

Associate Professor and Director of Undergraduate Programs, L. Douglas Wilder School of Government and Public Affairs

Virginia Commonwealth University

Christopher P. Twomey

Adjunct Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science

Boston College

Jonathan Unger

Director, Contemporary China Center and Editor, The China Journal

Australian National University

Danny Unger

Associate Professor, Department of Political Science

Northern Illinois University

Donna Lee Van Cott

Assistant Professor of Political Science

Tulane University

Nicolas van de Walle

Professor of Government and Director, Mario Einaudi Center for International Studies

Cornell University

Steven W. Van Evera

Professor, Department of Political Science

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Stephen Van Holde

Associate Professor Department of Political Science

Kenyon College

Peter Van Ness

Visiting Fellow, Contemporary China Centre, RSPAS

Australian National University

Stacy D. VanDeveer

2003-06 Ronald H. O'Neal Professor, Department of Political Science

University of New Hampshire

Ernesto Verdeja

Assistant Professor, Department of Government

Wesleyan University

Katherine Verdery

Eric R. Wolf Professor of Anthropology

University of Michigan, Ann Arbor

Leslie Vinjamuri

Assistant Professor, School of Foreign Service & Department of Government

Georgetown University

Erik Voeten

Assistant Professor of Political Science and International Affairs

George Washington University

Steven Vogel

Associate Professor, Department of Political Science

University of California, Berkeley

Suzanne Vogel

Program Officer

The Eisenhower Institute

Thomas J. Volgy

Professor, Department of Political Science

University of Arizona

James Vreeland

Research Fellow in International and Area Studies Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science

Yale University

Ole Wæver

Professor of International Relations, Department of Political Science

University of Copenhagen

Edward W. Walker

Executive Director, Berkeley Program in Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies and Adjunct Associate Professor, Department of Political Science

University of California, Berkeley

Stephen G. Walker

Professor Emeritus Department of Political Science

Arizona State University

Peter Walshe

Professor of Political Science

University of Notre Dame

Stephen M. Walt

Professor, John F. Kennedy School of Government

Harvard University

Barbara F. Walter

Associate Professor Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies

University of California, San Diego

Kenneth N. Waltz

Emeritus Ford Professor of Political Science

University of California, Berkeley

Susan Waltz

Professor, Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy

University of Michigan

Yuan-kang Wang

Assistant Professor Department of Diplomacy

National Chengchi University Taipei, Taiwan

Paul Wapner

Associate Professor, School of International Service

American University

Carolyn Warner

Associate Professor of Political Science and Executive Committee, School of Global Studies

Arizona State University

Harvey Waterman

Associate Professor of Political Science and Associate Dean for Academic Affairs

Rutgers University

William L. Waugh, Jr.

Professor

Andrew Young School of Policy Studies Georgia State University

Cynthia Weber

Professor of International Relations, Department of Politics and IR

Lancaster University, UK

Erika Weinthal

Department of Political Science

Tel Aviv University

Meredith Weiss

Assistant Professor International Studies and Visiting Faculty Fellow, Center For Democracy And The Third Sector, Georgetown (2004-5)

DePaul University

Thomas G. Weiss

Presidential Professor of Political Science and Director, Ralph Bunche Institute for International Studies

The Graduate Center, The City University of New York

Patricia Weitsman

Associate Professor, Department of Political Science

Ohio University

David A. Welch

George Ignatieff Chair of Peace and Conflict Studies

University of Toronto

Bruce Western

Professor of Sociology

Princeton University

Jon Western

Five College Assistant Professor of International Relations

Mount Holyoke College

Nicholas J. Wheeler

Professor, Department of International Politics

University of Wales, Aberystwyth

Gregory White

Associate Professor of Government

Smith College

Joseph White

Professor of Political Science and Director of the Center for Policy Studies

Case Western Reserve University

Geoffrey Whitehall

Department of Politics

University of Victoria

Jonathan Wilkenfeld

Department of Government and Politics

University of Maryland

Paul Williams

Assistant Professor Department of International Relations

Bilkent University Ankara, Turkey

Victoria Williams

Assistant Professor of Political Science

Alvernia College

Franke Wilmer

Professor and Department Head

Montana State University

Morton Winston

Professor of Philosophy, Department of Philosophy and Religion

The College of New Jersey

Carol Wise

Associate Professor, School of International Relations

University of Southern California

Eugene R. Wittkopf

R. Downs Poindexter Professor of Political Science

Louisiana State University

Anders Wivel

Associate Professor, Department of Political Science

University of Copenhagen

John Womack Jr.

Professor, History Department

Harvard University

Meredith Woo-Cumings

Professor Department of Political Science

University of Michigan, Ann Arbor

Elisabeth Wood

Professor of Political Science

Yale University

Susan L. Woodward

Professor of Political Science

The Graduate Center, City University of New York

Mark Woodward

Associate Professor of Religious Studies

Arizona State University

Stephen R. Wooten

Assistant Professor of Anthropology and International Studies

University of Oregon

George Wright

Professor Emeritus of International Relations

California State University, Chico

Lana Wylie

Visiting Scholar, International Studies

Yale University

Nicholas Xenos

Professor of Political Science

University of Massachusetts, Amherst

Deborah J. Yashar

Associate Professor of Politics and International Affairs

Princeton University

M. Crawford Young

Professor Emeritus

University of Wisconsin, Madison

Mark W. Zacher

Professor Emeritus, Centre of International Relations

University of British Columbia

Melanie Ziegler

Visiting Assistant Professor Department of Political Science

Miami University

Cyrus Ernesto Zirakzadeh

Professor of Political Science

University of Connecticut

ENDS

An Open Letter to the American People: October '04

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