Nigeria: The death penalty and women under the Nigerian penal systems
The death penalty as applied in Nigeria violates fundamental human rights and is sometimes used in a discriminatory way
against women, Amnesty International said today in a new and its first report on women and the death penalty entitled:
"Nigeria: The death penalty and women under the Nigerian penal systems."
(View the full report online at http://amnesty-news.c.tep1.com/maabVG1aa4fR6bb0hPub ) "The Nigerian government should abolish the death penalty and place an immediate moratorium on any pending
executions," the organization said.
Amnesty International welcomes the government's initiative to set up the National Study Group on the Death Penalty, with
a mandate to make recommendations to the Federal Government on the status of the death penalty by June 2004. "The
National Study Group on the Death Penalty should avail itself of this opportunity and incorporate abolition in its final
recommendations."
Amnesty International opposes the death penalty, for both men and women, in all cases. It is a violation of fundamental
human rights - the right to life and the right not to be subjected to cruel, inhuman and degrading punishment.
"The finality and cruelty inherent in the death penalty, and the lack of evidence showing it to be a deterrent to
violent crimes, make it an inappropriate and unacceptable response to crime," the organization added.
In the report Amnesty International highlights cases of women facing the death penalty and whose rights to a fair trial
and due process have been denied both under the criminal law system and the new Sharia penal codes.
Women are charged with capital offences and are in some cases awaiting trial for prolonged periods of time, without
access to legal representation. "Under the criminal law system women are in some cases kept in prison awaiting execution
for up to 10 years," the organization said. This is contrary to international human rights law and standards as well as
Nigerian law.
A woman sentenced to death for culpable homicide under the Penal Code, told Amnesty International delegates: "I had a
baby but the baby died. The foetus was only eight months old. My husband had divorced me. When I was questioned at the
police station I said the baby was still-born. In court, I pleaded for myself. The court asked 'Did you murder this
child?', and I replied 'No'. A doctor looked at the dead baby. He said it was still-born. He told the police but was
never called to court to witness. I have been in detention and prison for over 10 years."
The report also examines ways in which the application of the death penalty discriminates against women in certain cases
and for certain crimes. Such discrimination derives from the categories of crimes that carry the death penalty and from
the particular difficulties women face in accessing justice. This discriminatory effect is particularly apparent on
women from socio-economically deprived backgrounds and who are illiterate, who have no husband and who become pregnant
outside marriage.
Whereas Nigeria's Penal Code and Criminal Code provide for abortion-related offences that would carry a maximum sentence
of imprisonment, Amnesty International has documented cases of women who have been charged with and convicted for
capital offences for abortion-related offences.
Under the new Sharia penal codes introduced in 12 northern states in Nigeria since 1999, the death penalty is also
applicable for the criminal offence of zina- understood as sexual relations outside marriage. Amnesty International is
concerned that the offence of zina falls outside the category of 'most serious crimes' for which the death penalty can
be applied according to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights to which Nigeria is a state party.
"The death penalty used in this way violates not only the right to life, but also the right to be free from
discrimination, freedom of expression and association and the right to privacy," the organization added.
Amnesty International opposes the criminalization of consensual sexual relations between people over the age of consent.
"Nobody over the age of consent should be charged or convicted for having consensual sex."
Background
The death penalty is still on the statute books in Nigeria. The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria from
1999 does not prohibit its application. According to Amnesty International's information, Nigerian courts have handed
down at least 33 death sentences since 1999. As of July 2003 there were 487 people awaiting the execution of their death
sentence.
Death sentences can be imposed under both the criminal law system (the Penal Code and the Criminal Code) and the Sharia
penal system. Under criminal law it is applicable for criminal offences such as murder, culpable homicide, robbery and
treason. The offence of culpable homicide is applied in some cases for abortion-related offences under the Penal Code
and is known to disproportionately affect women.
Since 1999, 12 states in northern Nigeria have introduced new Sharia penal legislation. Under these, the application of
the death penalty has been extended to offences such as zina, rape, incest, and "sodomy" as defined in Sharia penal
codes. A person who has committed zina is defined by these penal codes as: "whoever, being a man or a woman fully
responsible, has sexual intercourse through the genital [sic] of a person over whom he has no sexual rights and in
circumstances in which no doubt exists as to the illegality of the act". The offence of zina carries a mandatory
sentence of death by stoning if the person is married or by flogging if the person is not married. It is only an offence
for Muslims.
Rules of evidence under the new Sharia penal legislations discriminate against women since the mere fact of her being
pregnant is taken as evidence of her having performed the act of zina. However, a man on trial for this offence and who
denies the charges under oath is often acquitted, unless four witnesses are produced to confirm his involvement in the
act. This has meant that the number of death sentences imposed on women for zina is disproportionately higher than for
men.
Amnesty International neither supports nor opposes any religion or belief. However, the organization strongly opposes
any legal system, whether based on religious beliefs or not, that violates international human rights law and standards.
The recent increased national and international interest in the death penalty in Nigeria resulted in President Obasanjo
initiating a parliamentary debate on the death penalty. As part of this debate, the National Study Group on the Death
Penalty was inaugurated on 13 November 2003. It is expected to make recommendations to the Federal Government at the end
of its mandate in June 2004.
For the full report in English, please go to: http://amnesty-news.c.tep1.com/maabVG1aa4fR6bb0hPub/
View all documents on Nigeria at http://amnesty-news.c.tep1.com/maabVG1aa4fR7bb0hPub/
For current and background information on the death penalty please visit the dedicated Death Penalty Pages at http://amnesty-news.c.tep1.com/maabVG1aa4fR8bb0hPub/