For Immediate Release
Office of the Press Secretary
December 13, 2002
President Delivers Remarks on Smallpox
Remarks by the President on Smallpox Vaccination
Dwight D. Eisenhower Executive Office Building
Room 450
2:12 P.M. EST
THE PRESIDENT: Good afternoon. Since our country was attacked 15 months ago, Americans have been forced to prepare for a
variety of threats we hope will never come. We have stepped up security at our ports and borders, we've expanded our
ability to detect chemical and biological threats, we've increased support for first responders, we made public -- made
our public health care system better able to track and treat disease. By preparing at home and by pursuing enemies
abroad, we're adding to the security of our nation. I thank the members of my team who are here who are adding to the
security of our nation.
One potential danger to America is the use of the smallpox virus as a weapon of terror. Smallpox is a deadly but
preventable disease. Most Americans who are 34 or older had a smallpox vaccination when they were children. By 1972, the
risk of smallpox was so remote that routine vaccinations were discontinued in the United States. In 1980, the World
Health Organization declared that smallpox had been completely irradiated and, since then, there has not been a single
natural case of the disease anywhere in the world.
We know, however, that the smallpox virus still exists in laboratories, and we believe that regimes hostile to the
United States may possess this dangerous virus. To protect our citizens in the aftermath of September the 11th, we are
evaluating old threats in a new light. Our government has no information that a smallpox attack is imminent. Yet it is
prudent to prepare for the possibility that terrorists would kill indiscriminately -- who kill indiscriminately would
use diseases as a weapon.
Our public health agencies began preparations more than a year ago. Today, through the hard work of our Department of
Health and Human Services, ably led by Tommy Thompson, and state and local officials, America has stockpiled enough
vaccine, and is now prepared to inoculate our entire population in the event of a smallpox attack. Americans and anyone
who would think of harming Americans can be certain that this nation is ready to respond quickly and effectively to a
smallpox emergency or an increase in the level of threat.
Today I am directing additional steps to protect the health of our nation. I'm ordering that the military and other
personnel who serve America in high-risk parts of the world receive the smallpox vaccine, men and women who could be on
the front lines of a biological attack must be protected.
This particular vaccine does involve a small risk of serious health considerations. As Commander-in-Chief, I do not
believe I can ask others to accept this risk unless I am willing to do the same. Therefore I will receive the vaccine
along with our military.
These vaccinations are a precaution only and not a response to any information concerning imminent danger. Given the
current level of threat and the inherent health risks of the vaccine, we have decided not to initiate a broader
vaccination program for all Americans at this time. Neither my family nor my staff will be receiving the vaccine,
because our health and national security experts do not believe vaccination is necessary for the general public.
At present, the responsible course is to make careful and thorough preparations in case a broader vaccination program
should become necessary in the future. There may be some citizens, however, who insist on being vaccinated now. The
public health agencies will work to accommodate them. But that is not our recommendation at this time.
We do recommend vaccinations for one other group of Americans that could be on the front lines of a biological attack.
We will make the vaccine available on a voluntary basis to medical professionals and emergency personnel and response
teams that would be the first on the scene in a smallpox emergency. These teams would immediately provide vaccine and
treatment to Americans in a crisis and, to do this job effectively, members of these teams should be protected against
the disease.
I understand that many first responders will have questions before deciding whether to be vaccinated. We will make sure
they have the medical advice they need to make an informed decision. Smallpox is a serious disease and we know that our
enemies are trying to inflict serious harm. Yet there's no evidence that smallpox imminently threatens this country.
We will continue taking every essential step to guard against the threats to our nation and I deeply appreciate the good
efforts of state and local health officials who are facing difficult challenges with great skill. The actions we are
taking together will help safeguard the health of our people in a measured and responsible way.
Thank you all.
END 2:19 P.M. EST
For Immediate Release
December 13, 2002
Protecting Americans: Smallpox Vaccination Program
Today, the President announced a plan to better protect the American people against the threat of smallpox attack by
hostile groups or governments:
Smallpox Response Teams
Under the plan, the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) will work with state and local governments to form
volunteer Smallpox Response Teams who can provide critical services to their fellow Americans in the event of a smallpox
attack.
To ensure that Smallpox Response Teams can mobilize immediately in an emergency, health care workers and other critical
personnel will be asked to volunteer to receive the smallpox vaccine.
The federal government is not recommending vaccination for the general public at this time. There may be some members of
the general public who insist on being vaccinated now. Our public health agencies will work to accommodate them, but
that is not our recommendation at this time.
Department of Defense and State Department Personnel
The President also announced that the Department of Defense (DOD) will vaccinate certain military and civilian personnel
who are or may be deployed in high threat areas. Some United States personnel assigned to certain overseas embassies
will also be offered vaccination.
STRENGTHENING HOMELAND SECURITY
Although there is no reason to believe that smallpox presents an imminent threat, the attacks of September and October,
2001 have heightened concern that terrorists may have access to the virus and attempt to use it against the American
public. Immediately after these attacks, HHS began working, in cooperation with state and local governments, to
strengthen our preparedness for bioterror attacks by expanding the national stockpile of smallpox vaccine. The United
States currently has sufficient quantities of the vaccine to vaccinate every single person in the country in an
emergency.
The smallpox vaccine, which was routinely administered to Americans until 1972, is a highly effective protection against
the disease when given before or shortly after exposure to the virus. Pre-attack vaccination of Smallpox Response Teams
will allow them, in the event of a smallpox attack, to immediately administer the vaccine to others and care for
victims.
HHS is working with states to identify health care workers and first responders to serve on Smallpox Response Teams.
Pre-attack vaccination of these teams Smallpox Response Teams will allow them to better protect the American public
against smallpox attack.
The federal government is not recommending that members of the general public be vaccinated at this point. Our
government has no information that a biological attack is imminent, and there are significant side effects and risks
associated with the vaccine. HHS is in the process of establishing an orderly process to make unlicensed vaccine
available to those adult members of the general public without medical contraindications who insist on being vaccinated
either in 2003, with an unlicensed vaccine, or in 2004, with a licensed vaccine. (A member of the general public may
also be eligible to volunteer for an on-going clinical trial for next generation vaccines).
PREPARING MILITARY AND OVERSEAS PERSONNEL
The President also announced that DOD will take steps immediately to reinstitute vaccination of certain military and
civilian personnel. Those personnel who are deployed or who may deploy to certain high threat areas will be vaccinated.
The State Department will also offer vaccination to certain overseas personnel.
Although the vaccine is effective if administered shortly after exposure, it may not be feasible during an emergency to
vaccinate overseas troops and civilian personnel. Pre-attack vaccination is therefore warranted. Vaccination of military
personnel was conducted during WWI and WWII and routinely from the 1940s until 1984. Between 1984 and 1990, vaccinations
were provided to many recruits entering basic training.
To read more on the disease, visit http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/smallpox
To read more on the vaccine, visit http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/smallpox/vaccination/facts.asp
To read more on medical conditions that make pre-vaccination unadvisable, visit
http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/smallpox/vaccination/contraindications-public.asp
Persons interested in participating in an on-going clinical trial can obtain additional information at
www.clinicaltrials.gov.
For Immediate Release
December 13, 2002
Frequently Asked Questions
Smallpox Response Teams
Why vaccinate health care workers and first responders?
We’re asking these groups to volunteer to serve on smallpox response teams to help our country respond in the event of
an attack. By vaccinating groups of health care workers and emergency responders, we will make sure that smallpox
response teams are available who can vaccinate others and provide critical services in the days following an attack.
This approach will make us better able to protect the American people in an emergency, which is our highest priority.
What will the smallpox response teams do?
Members of the Smallpox Response Teams will include people who will administer the smallpox vaccine in the event of an
emergency and will be the first to investigate and evaluate initial suspected case(s) of smallpox and initiate measures
to control the outbreak.
HHS and CDC will continue to advise and assist states in development of these teams.
How will the government decide who should serve on a smallpox response team?
State officials – in consultation with CDC and local health departments – are working to identify health care workers
and first responders who could serve on response teams following a smallpox release. Participation on these teams and in
the vaccination program is purely voluntary.
How many first responders and health care workers will be vaccinated?
We have asked states to identify workers who might serve on smallpox response teams to vaccinate others and provide
critical services in the days following an attack. We are working with states to determine the exact number of
individuals who will fall in these categories. To protect the American people, the important thing is to ensure that we
have health care workers and first responders ready to serve as smallpox response teams. However, we expect that some of
the people identified by the states will not be eligible for vaccination because of a medical condition, and others may
choose not to be vaccinated.
It has been reported that we will be vaccinating up to 10 million health care workers and first responders. However, we
do not expect that the numbers of first responders and health care workers vaccinated in this part of the program to be
that high.
Are we less prepared to protect the American people if we don’t get participation from millions of public health and
health care workers or first responders?
Whatever the number of people who choose to participate and get vaccinated, we will be much more prepared to protect the
American people than we are today.
Also, the very fact that states, hospitals and communities will have vaccination plans – for emergency responders and
for mass-vaccinating the general public – makes us better prepared to protect Americans in an emergency.
These efforts will increase deterrence.
Will you administer tests to ensure that health care workers and first responders receiving the vaccine are not pregnant
or HIV positive?
Every person volunteering to receive the vaccine will be asked detailed questions regarding their medical history and
physical health and will be educated to the risks and possible side effects of the vaccine. If there is any indication
that a person has a contraindication for the vaccine, the individual will be referred to the local public health
department or another health care provider for testing.
How can a person protect against the risk of inadvertent transmission of the vaccine to another person?
Anyone receiving the vaccine will be instructed on several readily available steps to prevent the accidental
transmission of the vaccine to another person. For example, the vaccinated person should use breathable bandages, wear a
long-sleeve shirt, and use good hand hygiene.
How will the government monitor and report side effects?
The CDC is enlisting an outside group that will constitute an external data monitoring and safety review board. This
external review board will review, in real time, vaccine adverse event reports and data, interpret findings, and provide
guidance and advice for strengthening the overall safety of the program if needed.
How does this decision differ from the vaccination program in Israel? The vaccination program in the U.K.?
Israel is vaccinating health care workers and military personnel who were previously vaccinated. In the U.K., a small
group of roughly 1000 people are being vaccinated.
Is it true that those who were vaccinated previously have a lower risk of adverse reaction?
Those who were vaccinated previously may have a lower risk of adverse reactions. It is appropriate for individuals, in
deciding whether to be vaccinated, to consider whether they were vaccinated previously.
How will vaccine adverse events be handled? What protocols will be followed for actual or claimed serious adverse
events?
Prospective vaccinees will be educated about the contraindications to smallpox vaccination in order to minimize serious
adverse reactions to the vaccine. A good system to monitor and treat adverse events will be an integral part of this
policy, and will be done in close collaboration between the CDC, states, and public health agencies and hospitals. The
states will maintain records of people vaccinated and will work with hospitals to set up systems to diagnose, manage,
and treat people who experience adverse reactions from the vaccine. This will include rapid access to the primary
treatment for most serious adverse events, Vaccinia Immune Globulin (VIG).
It is expected that most of the side effects caused by smallpox vaccinations will not require special treatment or
therapy. There are two treatments that may help people who have certain serious reactions to the smallpox vaccine. These
are: Vaccinia Immune Globulin (VIG) and Cidofovir. Patients receiving these drugs would need to stay in the hospital for
observation and possible additional treatment, as the VIG and Cidofovir may cause a number of side effects as well. CDC
will review summary reports of adverse events and will investigate all individual reports of serious events.
General Public
What is the current threat assessment? Who are likely countries to obtain and use the virus?
Terrorists or governments hostile to the United States may have, or could obtain, some of the variola virus that causes
smallpox disease. If so, these adversaries could use it as a biological weapon. This potential along with an
appreciation for the potentially devastating consequences of a smallpox attack, suggests that we should take prudent
steps to prepare our critical responders to protect the American public should an attack occur. People exposed to
variola virus, or those at risk of being exposed, can be protected by vaccinia (smallpox) vaccine. The United States is
taking precautions to deal with this possibility.
If a person wants to sign up to receive the vaccine as soon as possible, what should they do?
The federal government is not recommending that members of the general public be vaccinated at this point. Our
government has no information that a biological attack is imminent, and there are significant side effects and risks
associated with the vaccine. HHS is in the process of establishing an orderly process to make unlicensed vaccine
available to those adult members of the general public without medical contraindications who insist on being vaccinated
either in 2003, with an unlicensed vaccine, or in 2004, with a licensed vaccine. (A member of the general public may
also be eligible to volunteer for an on-going clinical trial for next generation vaccines).
How long will it take before HHS begins administering vaccines to the general public under the new program?
Again, we do not recommend at this point that the general public be vaccinated. However, we expect to be able to make
the unlicensed vaccine available to those who insist on being vaccinated sometime this spring. The immediate task for
state and federal government will remain the implementation of our program to vaccinate our emergency responders. This
is necessary to best protect Americans in the event of a release.
Of course, in the event of an actual attack, we will immediately make vaccine available to those at risk from disease.
Who will administer the vaccines?
State health departments, with guidance from CDC, will set up vaccination clinics and determine who will be staffing
clinics and administering smallpox vaccine. The number of vaccination sites will be determined in the state plans, and
depends in large part on the demand for the vaccines. CDC is assisting states with planning, technical assistance and
education.
If you aren’t recommending that the general public be vaccinated, why are you setting up this special program to allow
them to get the vaccine?
We understand that some Americans will want to be vaccinated despite the risks. The President decided that the best
course was to provide Americans with as much information as we can, help them weigh the risks, then let them decide for
themselves.
Will you administer tests to ensure that members of the general public receiving the vaccine are not pregnant or HIV
positive?
Every person volunteering to receive the vaccine will be asked detailed questions regarding their medical history and
physical health. They will be educated to the risks and possible side effects of the vaccine. If there is any indication
that a person has a contraindication for the vaccine, the individual will be referred to the local public health
department or another health care provider for testing.
How will the government monitor and report side effects?
The CDC will enlist an outside group to constitute an external data monitoring and safety review board. This external
review board will review vaccine adverse event reports and data, interpret findings, and provide guidance and advice for
strengthening the overall safety of the program.
Military Personnel
Why are we vaccinating servicemembers?
We are concerned that terrorists or governments hostile to the United States may have, or could obtain, some of the
variola virus that causes smallpox disease. If so, these adversaries could use it as a biological weapon. People exposed
to variola virus, or those at risk of being exposed, can be protected by vaccinia (smallpox) vaccine.
Who in DoD is going to get the smallpox vaccine?
As part of this plan, the decision at this time is to vaccinate certain emergency response and medical personnel and
other designated personnel that constitute critical mission capabilities, to include those essential to the
accomplishment of U.S. Central Command’s missions. The Department may expand the program at a later date.
The decision will be implemented using a portion of the existing licensed supplies of smallpox vaccine.
Will servicemembers still be deployable if they have not received the smallpox vaccine?
Yes, if they are in one of the groups that should not receive the smallpox vaccine they will still be deployable. In the
event of an actual smallpox attack their vaccination status will be reevaluated.
When are the smallpox vaccinations going to start?
Smallpox vaccinations of DOD personnel will begin as soon as the vaccine is in place and medical training and troop
education have been accomplished.
Has the Department of Defense vaccinated people against smallpox before?
Yes, the Department conducted major vaccination programs during WWI and WWII and servicemembers were routinely
vaccinated from the 1940s until 1984. In 1984, routine military vaccinations were limited to recruits entering basic
training. Between 1984 and 1990, recruit vaccinations were intermittent. In 1990, the Department of Defense discontinued
vaccination of recruits.
How does the threat of a smallpox attack on US forces compare with that of an anthrax attack?
They are both known threats. Many factors go into such determinations including intelligence information, known
capabilities and other variables. While we cannot quantify the threat of either one being used as a bioweapon, we know
the consequences of their use could be great. Vaccination is a wise, logical step to ensure preparedness for the U.S.
Will the people receiving anthrax vaccinations be the same ones receiving the smallpox vaccinations?
Generally speaking, forces currently designated to receive anthrax vaccine also will receive smallpox vaccine.
Additional forces will be vaccinated against smallpox given that smallpox, unlike anthrax, is contagious and can be
prevented only with vaccine. The Secretary of Defense may decide in the future to expand the scope of both the anthrax
and smallpox vaccination programs.
How does the smallpox vaccination interact with other drugs and vaccinations?
The smallpox vaccine should not be given to people taking medications that suppress their immune system. Smallpox
vaccines should be spaced by one month from chickenpox vaccination. Other combinations of vaccines (e.g. smallpox and
influenza or smallpox and anthrax) can be given.
Why is the Department of Defense administering the smallpox vaccine?
We cannot quantify the threat that smallpox would be used as a bioweapon, but we do know that the consequences of its
use could be great. Military missions must go on even if a smallpox outbreak occurs. It may not be feasible to vaccinate
military forces soon after exposure if they are deployed to remote locations and/or engaged in military operations. Some
military personnel will not be able to postpone vital missions if smallpox is used as a weapon. Vaccination is a wise
course for preparedness and may serve as a deterrent.
What should a person do if they don’t get a blister?
If someone does not get the expected vaccination site reaction, they need to be revaccinated. If someone has a question
or concern about the smallpox vaccination site they should contact their primary-care manager, medical department
representative or their healthcare provider.
What should a person do if they have any adverse reactions?
If a person suspects an adverse reaction from the smallpox vaccine he or she should seek care from their primary-care
manager, medical department representative, or go to their healthcare provider as soon as possible.
They should request that their healthcare provider file a Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) form. If they
don’t believe their reaction is serious enough to visit a medical treatment facility, but they still wish to report it,
they can contact VAERS themselves at 1.800.822.7967 or file a report at the following Web site: www.vaers.org.
What if somebody has already been vaccinated?
Immunity from smallpox vaccination decreases with the passage of time. Past experience indicates that the first dose of
the vaccine offers protection from smallpox for three to five years, with decreasing immunity thereafter. If a person is
vaccinated again later, immunity lasts longer. A report from Europe suggests that people vaccinated 10 or 20 or more
years ago have enough immunity to lessen their chance of death if infected. However, these people need another dose of
smallpox vaccine to restore their immunity.
State Department and Overseas Issues
Has the Department decided to vaccinate its personnel against smallpox or anthrax?
The Department plans to offer, on a voluntary basis, vaccination against anthrax and smallpox to personnel at certain
posts.
While it is impossible to quantify the threat that such bio-weapons could be used, we know that the consequences of such
use could be very grave. In that context, the Department believes offering the vaccine is a wise step.
What if someone cannot take the vaccine? Is the Department planning to evacuate those persons?
Pre-exposure administration of the vaccines is considered the most effective means to protect against these two health
risks. However, we understand that there will be a number of people who cannot, or opt not to, receive the vaccines. We
will be prepared to offer the vaccines or other appropriate treatment in the event of actual exposure.
Does Iraq have smallpox? Do you believe that Iraq may use a smallpox weapon if attacked by the United States?
It is possible, but not confirmed, that Iraq possesses the virus that causes smallpox. By protecting ourselves to
respond to any smallpox attack, including through pre-exposure and post-exposure vaccination plans, we also help deter
such attacks.
What is the Department planning to do for private American citizens in that region?
We provide extensive information to the American public about travel, security, health, and other conditions abroad to
assist private Americans in making individual decisions about their own security and risks. We are following the same
approach in this instance.
Has the Department told American citizens to leave the Middle East because of these biological threats? Have any warden
messages been prepared for a possible attack?
The Department of State has issued a Worldwide Caution Public Announcement and a Middle East and North Africa Update
that alerts American citizens to the continuing threat of terrorist actions that may target private Americans. The
Department of State works with posts to disseminate threat information through its warden network when specific
information is available. At present, there is no specific information to indicate that there is a likelihood of use of
anthrax or smallpox as a weapon in the immediate future. Also, a Chemical-Biological Agent Fact Sheet, which includes
information on anthrax and smallpox, is available on the Consular Affairs website at: http://travel.state.gov.
Are we planning to assist any other country in obtaining supplies of vaccines?
The United States recognizes that a smallpox attack in any nation is a potential threat to all nations. The United
States, therefore, will work with like-minded nations and the World Health Organization (WHO) to facilitate and
coordinate nations’ access to existing global smallpox vaccine supplies and to increase the global supply through new
production.
Will smallpox vaccine be provided to other countries for their civilian populations?
The United States will work with like-minded nations and the WHO to facilitate and coordinate nations’ access to
existing global smallpox vaccine supplies and to increase the global supply though new production.
Will the United States assist nations in the event of an actual smallpox or anthrax attack?
Recognizing the global threat posed by a bio-weapon attack, the U.S. Government stands prepared to lend all feasible
assistance in the event of an actual anthrax or smallpox attack against a country.
Smallpox Disease
What is smallpox and what should I know about it?
Smallpox is a very serious disease; it is contagious and sometimes fatal. Smallpox is caused by the variola virus, which
spreads from contact with infected persons.
Smallpox can cause:
A severe rash covering the whole body that can leave permanent scars
High fever
Severe headache or body aches
Death (in about 30 percent of infected people)
Blindness in some survivors
Natural cases of smallpox have been eradicated from the Earth. The last natural case of smallpox was recorded in 1977.
In 1980, the disease was declared eradicated following worldwide vaccination programs.
However, in the aftermath of the events of September and October, 2001, the U.S. government is taking precautions to be
ready to deal with a bioterrorist attack using smallpox as a weapon. As a result of these efforts:
1) There is a detailed nationwide smallpox response plan designed to quickly vaccinate people and contain a smallpox
outbreak, and
2) There is enough smallpox vaccine to vaccinate everyone who would need it in the event of an emergency.
For more information, please visit the CDC Website at www.cdc.gov.
What are the symptoms of smallpox?
The symptoms of smallpox begin with high fever, head and body aches, and sometimes vomiting. A rash follows that spreads
and progresses to raised bumps and pus-filled blisters that crust, scab, and fall off after about three weeks, leaving a
pitted scar.
If someone comes in contact with smallpox, how long does it take to show symptoms?
After exposure, it takes between 7 and 17 days for symptoms of smallpox to appear (average incubation time is 12 to 14
days). During this time, the infected person feels fine and is not contagious.
Is smallpox fatal?
About 70 percent of patients infected with smallpox recover. Many smallpox survivors have permanent scars over large
areas of their body, especially their face. Some are left blind.
Is smallpox contagious? How is smallpox spread?
Yes, smallpox is contagious. Smallpox normally spreads from contact with infected persons. Generally, direct and fairly
prolonged face-to-face contact is required to spread smallpox from one person to another. People infected with smallpox
exhale small droplets that carry the virus to the nose or mouth of close contacts. The greatest risk comes from
prolonged close contact exposure (within seven feet) to an infected person. The longer somebody is in close contact with
an infected person, the greater the chance of transmission. Indirect contact is less likely to transmit the virus, but
infection still can occur via fine-particle aerosols or inanimate objects carrying the virus. For example, contaminated
clothing or bed linen could spread the virus. Smallpox is not known to be transmitted by insects or animals.
People are most infectious during the first week of the rash, but a person with smallpox is sometimes contagious with
the onset of fever (prodome phase). The infected person is contagious until the last smallpox scab falls off.
Is smallpox contagious before the smallpox symptoms show?
A person with smallpox is sometimes contagious with onset of fever (prodome phase), but the person becomes most
contagious with the onset of rash. The infected person is contagious until the last smallpox scab falls off.
Is there any treatment for smallpox?
Smallpox can be prevented through the use of the smallpox vaccine. There is no proven treatment for smallpox, but
research to evaluate new antiviral agents is ongoing. Early results from laboratory studies suggests that the drug
cidofovir may fight against the smallpox virus. Currently, studies with animals are being done to better understand the
drug’s ability to treat smallpox disease. . The use of cidofovir to treat smallpox or smallpox vaccine reactions
requires the use of an Investigational New Drug protocol and should be evaluated and monitored by medical experts, for
example at the NIH and CDC. Patients with smallpox can benefit from supportive therapy such as intravenous fluids,
medicine to control fever or pain and antibiotics for any secondary bacterial infections that may occur.
Smallpox Vaccine
What is the smallpox vaccine, and is it still required?
The smallpox vaccine is the best way to prevent smallpox. The vaccine is made from a virus called vaccinia, which is
another “pox”-type virus related to smallpox. The vaccine helps the body develop immunity to smallpox. The vaccine does
not contain the smallpox virus and cannot spread smallpox. It was successfully used to eradicate smallpox from the human
population.
Getting smallpox vaccine before exposure will protect about 95 percent of people from getting smallpox. Vaccination
within three days of exposure will prevent or significantly lessen the severity of smallpox in the vast majority of
people. Vaccination four to seven days after exposure likely offers some protection from disease or may modify the
severity of disease. Solid protection lasts for three to five years after vaccination. Partial protection lasts longer,
but people need to be revaccinated if too much time has passed.
Routine vaccination of the American public against smallpox stopped in 1972 after the disease was eradicated in the
United States. Until recently, the U.S. government provided the smallpox vaccine only to a few hundred scientists and
medical professionals who work with smallpox and similar viruses in a research setting. After the events of September
and October 2001, however, the U.S. government took further actions to improve its level of preparedness against
terrorism. For smallpox, this included updating a response plan and ordering enough smallpox vaccine to immunize the
American public in the event of a smallpox outbreak. The plans are in place, and there is sufficient vaccine available
to immunize everyone who might need it in the event of an emergency.
How is the vaccine given?
The smallpox vaccine is not given with a hypodermic needle. It is not a “shot,” like many vaccinations. The vaccine is
given using a bifurcated (two-pronged) needle that is dipped into the vaccine solution. When removed, the needle retains
a droplet of the vaccine. The needle is then used to quickly prick the skin several times for a few seconds. The
pricking is not deep, but it will cause a sore spot and one or two drops of blood to form. The vaccine usually is given
in the upper arm.
If the vaccination is successful, a red and itchy bump develops at the vaccination site in three or four days. In the
first week after vaccination, the bump becomes a large blister, fills with pus, and begins to drain. During week two,
the blister begins to dry up and a scab forms. The scab falls off in the third week, leaving a small scar. People who
are being vaccinated for the first time may have a stronger “take” (a successful reaction) than those who are being
revaccinated.
Why aren’t people still routinely vaccinated for smallpox?
The last case of smallpox in the United States was in 1949. The last naturally occurring case in the world was in
Somalia in 1977. After the disease was eliminated from the world, routine vaccination against smallpox among the general
public was stopped because it was no longer necessary for prevention, and because of the risk of adverse events from the
vaccine.
If someone receives that vaccine now or before an attack, will they need to be revaccinated if there is an attack?
In a post-attack emergency, to ensure everyone is protected as rapidly as possible, all exposed persons will be
vaccinated regardless of smallpox vaccine history.
If someone is exposed to smallpox, is it too late to get a vaccination?
Vaccination within 3 days of exposure will completely prevent or significantly modify smallpox in the vast majority of
persons. Vaccination 4 to 7 days after exposure likely offers some protection from disease or may modify the severity of
disease.
How long does a smallpox vaccination last?
Past experience indicates that the first dose of the vaccine offers protection from smallpox for 3 to 5 years, with
decreasing immunity thereafter. If a person is vaccinated again later, immunity lasts longer. A report from Europe
suggests that people vaccinated 10 or 20 or more years ago have enough immunity to lessen their chance of death if
infected. However, these people need another dose of smallpox vaccine to restore their immunity.
Are diluted doses of smallpox vaccine as effective?
Recent tests have indicated that diluted smallpox vaccine is just as effective in providing immunity as full-strength
vaccine.
What is the smallpox vaccine made of?
The vaccine is made from a virus called vaccinia, a virus related to smallpox but that does not cause smallpox. The
smallpox vaccine helps the body develop immunity to smallpox. It does not contain the smallpox virus and cannot spread
smallpox.
Is it possible for people to get smallpox from the vaccination?
No. The smallpox vaccine does not contain smallpox virus and cannot spread or cause smallpox.
Is it possible for someone to get vaccinia, the virus in the vaccine, from someone who has been vaccinated?
The smallpox vaccine does contain another virus called vaccinia, which is “live” in the vaccine. Because the virus is
live, it can spread to other parts of the body or to other people from the vaccine site. This can be prevented through
proper care of the vaccination site (e.g. hand washing and careful disposal of used bandages).
What are the symptoms of the vaccine virus (vaccinia)?
In the unlikely event that the vaccinia virus is spread, symptoms may include rash, fever, and head and body aches.
How is the vaccine virus (vaccinia) spread?
The vaccine virus (Vaccinia) is spread by touching a vaccination site before it has healed or by touching bandages or
clothing that have become contaminated with live virus from the vaccination site. Vaccinia is not spread through
airborne contagion. Proper handling of the vaccine site includes these three key points:
1. Don’t touch your vaccination site or materials that touched it.
2. If you touch either the site or materials in contact with the site by accident, clean your hands right away.
3. Don’t let others touch your vaccination site or materials that touched it.
Vaccine Safety
How safe is the smallpox vaccine?
The smallpox vaccine is the best protection you can get if you are exposed to the smallpox virus. Most people experience
normal, usually mild, reactions, such as sore arm, fever, headache, body ache, and fatigue. These symptoms may peak
eight to 12 days after vaccination.
In the past, about 1,000 people for every 1,000,000 (1 million) vaccinated people experienced reactions that were
serious, but not life-threatening. Most involved spread of virus elsewhere on the body.
In the past, between 14 and 52 people out of 1,000,000 vaccinated for the first time experienced potentially
life-threatening reactions. These reactions included serious skin reactions and inflammation of the brain
(encephalitis). From past experience, one or two people in 1 million who receive smallpox vaccine may die as a result.
Serious side effects generally are rarer after revaccination, compared to first vaccinations.
Careful screening of potential vaccine recipients is essential to ensure that those at increased risk do not receive the
vaccine.
People most likely to have side effects are people who have, or even once had, skin conditions, (especially eczema or
atopic dermatitis) and people with weakened immune systems, such as those who have received a transplant, are HIV
positive, or are receiving treatment for cancer. Anyone who falls within these categories, or lives with someone, who
falls into one of these categories, should NOT get the smallpox vaccine unless they are exposed, or at risk of exposure,
to the disease. In addition, anyone who falls within the following categories should not get the smallpox vaccine unless
they are exposed or at risk of exposure: pregnant women, breastfeeding mothers, anyone who is allergic to the vaccine or
any of its components, and anyone under the age of 18.
So your estimate is that at least one person per million will die as a result of this vaccine?
This is a statistical estimate based on prior experience with the vaccine. However, we will work hard to prevent even
these rare events from happening. Severe reactions can be minimized by screening people for bars to vaccination before
vaccinating them and closely monitoring individuals for severe reactions with prompt treatment as necessary.
Is there any way to treat bad reactions to the vaccine?
Two treatments may help people who have certain serious reactions to the smallpox vaccine. These are Vaccinia Immune
Globulin (VIG) and Cidofovir. We will have more than 2,700 treatment doses of VIG (enough for predicted reactions with
more than 27 million people) at the end of December, and 3,500 doses of Cidofovir (enough for prediction reactions with
15 million people).
Has FDA approved the use of 15 pricks to vaccinate both primary vaccinees and revacinees? If not, will this approval
have come before DoD begins to vaccinate troops?If it does not, will DoD be giving 15 pricks to 1st time vaccinees under
IND? (The current package insert states 3 pricks for primary vaccinees and 15 pricks for revaccinees).
CDC and others are currently in the process of submitting data to the FDA to support changing the recommendation of 3
needle sticks for primary vaccinations to 15 needle sticks for both primary and revaccination. It is important to note
that during the smallpox eradication period, the World Health Organization (WHO) program utilized 15 needle sticks
universally to avoid confusion and to help decrease the number of vaccine take failures from flaws in vaccine
administration techniques. However, until the FDA approves a package insert change, vaccinators should follow the
instructions found on the vaccine package insert on the number of needle sticks to administer for primary vaccines and
revaccinees.
What should I expect at the vaccination site?
If the vaccination is successful, a red and itchy bump develops at the vaccination site in three or four days. In the
first week after vaccination, the bump becomes a large blister, fills with pus, and begins to drain. During week two,
the blister begins to dry up and a scab forms. The scab falls off in the third week, leaving a small scar. People who
are being vaccinated for the first time may have a stronger “take” (a successful reaction) than those who are being
revaccinated. Most people experience normal, usually mild, reactions, such as sore arm, fever, headache, body ache, and
fatigue. These symptoms may peak eight to 12 days after vaccination. The vaccine virus (vaccinia) is present on the skin
at the vaccination site until the scab falls off. One must take care not to touch it so that the vaccine virus
(vaccinia) is not spread elsewhere, especially to the eyes, nose, mouth, genitalia or rectum.
Are there any side effects of the vaccine?
Yes, side effects can result from smallpox vaccination. Mild reactions include swelling and tender lymph nodes that can
last two to four weeks after the blister heals. Up to 20 percent of people develop headache, fatigue, muscle aches,
pain, or chills after smallpox vaccination, usually about eight to 12 days later. Some individuals may have rashes that
last two to four days. These side effects are usually temporary and self-limiting, meaning they go away on their own or
with minimal medical treatment, for example aspirin and rest.
In the past, about 1,000 people for every 1,000,000 (1 million) vaccinated people experienced reactions that were
serious, but not life-threatening. Most involved spread of virus elsewhere on the body.
In the past, between 14 and 52 people out of 1,000,000 vaccinated for the first time experienced potentially
life-threatening reactions. These reactions included serious skin reactions and inflammation of the brain
(encephalitis). From past experience, one or two people in 1 million who receive smallpox vaccine may die as a result.
Serious side effects generally are rarer after revaccination, compared to first vaccinations.
Medical experts believe that with careful screening, monitoring and early intervention the number of serious adverse
reactions can be minimized.