Text: USTR Barshefsky Mar. 16 Speech on U.S.-China Trade Relations
(Presses case for Congress to grant China permanent NTR) (3760)
Quoting a Republican president from the early 1900s on China, who said the United States must recognize its duties as it
demands its rights, U.S. Trade Representative Charlene Barshefsky continued her quest March 16 to build support for
granting permanent Normal Trade Relations (NTR) status to China.
In a speech before the Economic Club of Washington on American trade policy and China's accession to the World Trade
Organization (WTO), USTR Barshefsky pressed the case for Congress to grant China permanent NTR status so the United
States can gain the benefits of that country's accession to the WTO.
Barshefsky acknowledged the division in the United States over the issue. "Many ask why we should proceed with a trade
agreement -- even an entirely one-sided trade agreement -- while our differences over human rights, security issues and
other topics remain," she said.
Given the gravity of the U.S.-China relationship, Barshefsky said, "it is fair, in fact necessary, to judge the WTO
accession in their light."
She urged the economists and policy makers "to judge the WTO accession in light of its implications for reform in China
and Pacific security."
When one looked beyond precise commitments China has made to their "deeper meaning," Barshefsky said, "we see that these
American goals would be fundamentally threatened" by a retreat from the trade agreement.
"As (President) Theodore Roosevelt said of his Open Door Policy to China in the first years of the 20th century,"
Barshefsky said, "'We must insist firmly on our rights; and China must beware of persisting in a course of conduct to
which we cannot honorably submit. But we in our turn must recognize our duties exactly as we insist upon our rights.'"
In the same spirit, Barshefsky said, "we also recognize how important a stable and peaceful relationship with China is
-- for the Chinese, for the world, and for America."
Immediately on accession to the WTO, Barshefsky said, "China will begin opening its market in virtually every sector.
The phase-in of further concessions will be limited to five years in almost all cases, and in many cases one to three."
However, for the United States to benefit from China's market opening, it will have to give China permanent NTR status,
the same status the United States gives to its other WTO trading partners.
Both the Senate and the House of Representatives will have to vote on the issue which involves ending the application of
Title IV of the Trade Act of 1974 (the Jackson-Vanik amendment) to China.
"The legislative grant of permanent NTR is critical," Barshefsky told her audience.
"All WTO members, including ourselves, pledge to give one another permanent NTR to enjoy the full benefits available in
one another's markets. If Congress were to refuse to grant permanent NTR, our competitors will reap these benefits," she
said, but Americans would not.
Following is the text:
(begin text)
American Trade Policy and China's WTO Accession
Ambassador Charlene Barshefsky
U.S. Trade Representative
Prepared for Delivery
Economic Club of Washington
Washington, DC
March 16, 2000
Good morning, and thank you very much.
Let me in particular express my very sincere thanks to Senator Mitchell for bringing us together today. As Senate
Majority Leader, as an advocate for the people of Maine, and more recently as one of America's leading contemporary
statesmen, Senator Mitchell has built a remarkable and admirable record that stretches from environmental policy, to
peace in Northern Ireland, and to trade policy. It is a record of principle, effective advocacy and patriotic public
service. And it is thus my great privilege to be here at his invitation today to discuss one of America's most important
trade and foreign policy goals, in China's WTO accession and permanent Normal Trade Relations.
ONE-WAY CONCESSIONS
In the most basic sense, when we consider China's WTO accession and permanent Normal Trade Relations, we are facing a
clear choice.
Last November, after years of negotiation, we reached a bilateral agreement with China on WTO accession. It secures
broad-ranging, comprehensive, one-way concessions on China's part, opening China's markets across the spectrum of
services, industrial goods and agriculture. This agreement also strengthens our guarantees of fair trade, and gives us
far greater ability to enforce Chinese trade commitments. By contrast, under the bill President Clinton sent to Congress
last week, we agree only to maintain the market access policies we already apply to China, and have for over twenty
years, by making China's current Normal Trade Relations status permanent.
That is the only policy issue now before Congress. China will enter the WTO. It will retain its current market access in
America regardless of our debate. The only question now is whether we will choose to accept the benefits of the
agreement we negotiated.
DEEPER ISSUES
One might end a discussion of the WTO accession right there. From a purely trade policy perspective, it would not be
wrong to do so; but we must also think about the wider implications.
China is the world's largest country, and over the past decade the world's fastest-growing major economy. The future
course of our relationship will have great bearing on American security and strategy in the 21st strategy; and our
relationship with China today, as we all know, is free neither of deep-seated policy disagreements nor moments of
tension.
These disagreements and points of tension often dominate the China debate. Many ask why we should proceed with a trade
agreement -- even an entirely one-sided trade agreement -- while our differences over human rights, security issues and
other topics remain. And given the gravity of our relationship, it is fair -- in fact necessary -- to judge the WTO
accession in their light. And we can begin by tracing back to its origins the institution China now seeks to join.
AMERICA AND THE TRADING SYSTEM
Today's World Trade Organization has its roots in the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs, or GATT. And its creation
in 1948 reflected the lessons President Truman and his Allied counterparts drew from personal experience in Depression
and war.
One of the failures they had seen in the 1930s was the inability of global leaders to resist a cycle of protection and
retaliation, including the Smoot-Hawley Act in the United States and colonial preference schemes in Europe, which had
deepened the Depression and contributed to the political upheavals of the era. Eighteen years later, they believed that
by reopening world markets they could restore economic health and raise living standards; and that, in tandem with a
strong and confident security policy, as open markets gave nations greater stakes in stability and prosperity beyond
their borders, a fragile peace would strengthen.
Thus the GATT was one in a series of related policies and institutions that have served us well for nearly six decades:
collective security, reflected by the United Nations, NATO and our Pacific alliances; commitment to human rights,
embodied by the Universal Declaration on Human Rights and then a series of more recent Conventions; economic stability
and open markets, with the IMF and World Bank on the one hand, and the GATT on the other.
Stepping back for a moment, half a century of experience fully vindicates the commitment to open markets we made fifty
years ago. Since the 1950s, global trade has grown fifteen-fold. World economic production has grown six-fold, and per
capita income nearly tripled. And social progress reflects these trends: since the 1950s, world life expectancy has
grown by twenty years, infant mortality has dropped by two-thirds, and famine receded from all but the most remote or
misgoverned corners of the world. And as Truman and his colleagues predicted, in tandem with a strong and confident
security policy and growing respect for human rights, the world has become substantially more prosperous, stable and
peaceful.
Senator Mitchell summed this up in his remarks on the Senate floor as the Uruguay Round Agreements Act passed in 1994:
"The economic miracle of the postwar world is that with the expansion of international trade, every participating
nation's economy has grown. Human well-being has reached more people at higher levels than ever before in our history.
The leading beneficiary of that trend has been the United States."
Our Asia policies today fully reflect the fundamental principles of postwar American strategy:
Our military presence in the Pacific, and alliances with Japan, South Korea, Thailand, the Philippines, Australia and
New Zealand, remain the strongest guarantees of a peaceful and stable region.
Our advocacy of human rights, over the years, has helped reformers bring democracy to South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, the
Philippines and perhaps now Indonesia.
Our support for IMF recovery programs in Southeast Asia, South Korea and Russia during the financial crisis, and our own
commitment to an open market policy, helped guarantee these countries the resources and access to foreign markets
necessary for rapid recovery, reducing the international tensions that can accompany economic suffering.
And our Asian trade policy - since 1992, we have created a regional framework for open trade through APEC; concluded
nearly 300 specific market-opening agreements worldwide and almost 100 in Asia, including 38 with Japan, 13 with South
Korea; 20 with the ASEAN states; and 17 with China; and moved toward normalized economic relations with Vietnam, Laos
and Cambodia - is helping to build a more open region with greater prospects for sustainable growth in the years ahead.
CHINA FROM REVOLUTION TO REFORM
China, of course, took a very different road after the war.
As President Truman and his colleagues took the first steps toward the postwar miracle Senator Mitchell described, China
shut the doors it had once tentatively opened to the world. Among its new leaders' first steps after the revolution in
1949 were to expel foreign businesses from China, and to bar direct economic contact between Chinese private citizens
and the outside world. Inside China were similar policies - destruction of private internal trading networks linking
Chinese cities and villages, abolition of private property and land ownership, and of course suppression of any right to
object to these policies. And all this had international effects as well: Asia's largest nation had little stake in
prosperity and stability -- in fact, saw advantage in warfare and revolution -- beyond its borders.
In essence, the commitment of our postwar leaders to collective security, open markets and human rights made up a
coherent vision of a peaceful and open world. And China's rejection of these concepts in the Maoist era made up an
equally coherent and consistent policy. Its economic isolation in the 1950s and 1960s can be separated neither from its
diminishing space for individual life and freedom at home, nor its revolutionary role in the Pacific region.
China's domestic reforms since the 1970s have helped undo this isolation, integrating China into the Pacific regional
economy as they opened opportunities for Chinese at home. And American trade policy over 30 years -- from the lifting of
the trade embargo in 1972, to our Commercial Agreement and grant of Normal Trade Relations in 1979, to the more recent
agreements on market access, intellectual property, textiles and agriculture -- has worked with and helped to deepen
Chinese reform.
CHINA WTO ACCESSION
The bilateral agreement we reached with China last November thus caps of thirty years of patient, detailed work. It is a
comprehensive agreement, which covers industrial goods, services, farm products, unfair trade practices, and all the
barriers to American exports; which will help China create a more open and efficient economy; and which will help us
redress a deeply imbalanced trade relationship.
In manufacturing, China will cut industrial tariffs from an average of 24.6% in 1997 to 9.4% by 2005. China will also
eliminate all quotas and discriminatory taxes. And of critical importance, in virtually all products it will allow both
foreign and Chinese businesses to market, distribute and service their products; and to import the parts and products
they choose. To choose a few examples: tariffs on information technology will be eliminated entirely; tariffs on wood
products drop from 10.6% to 3.8%, and to zero if the WTO as a whole agrees to tariff elimination; auto tariffs will fall
from current levels of 80-100% to 25%.
In services, China's markets will open for the full range of industries: distribution, telecommunications, financial
services, insurance, professional, business and computer services, motion pictures, environmental services, accounting,
law, architecture, construction, travel and tourism, and other industries. In fields such as distribution and telecom,
China will open to direct foreign participation for the first time since the 1940s.
In agriculture, on U.S. priority products tariffs drop from an average of 31% to 14% by 2004. This affects every product
from beef, where tariffs will fall from 45% to 12%; to lobster, where we cut tariffs from 30% to 15%. China will also
expand access for bulk agricultural products; agree to end import bans, cap and reduce trade-distorting domestic
supports; eliminate export subsidies and base food safety decisions on science.
And the agreement gives American workers and businesses stronger protection against unfair trade practices, import
surges, and investment practices intended to draw jobs and technology to China. It addresses state enterprise policies,
forced technology transfer, local content, offsets and export performance requirements. It provides, for a 12-year
period, a special remedy to discipline market-disrupting import surges from China. And it strengthens our antidumping
laws by guaranteeing our right to use a special non-market economy methodology to address dumping for 15 years after
China's accession to the WTO.
All these commitments are fully enforceable, through our trade laws, through WTO dispute settlement, through periodic
multilateral review of China's adherence as well as multilateral pressure from all 135 members of the WTO, through
increased monitoring by the U.S., with the President's request last month for a tripling of funds for China compliance
and enforcement in his Fiscal Year 2001 budget, and of course through other mechanisms such as the special anti-dumping
and anti-import surge remedies.
Immediately on accession to the WTO, China will begin opening its market in virtually every sector. The phase-in of
further concessions will be limited to five years in almost all cases, and in many cases one to three. And the work
ahead for China -- bilateral market access agreements with several other WTO members, most notably the European Union,
and a multilateral negotiation on additional rules - should strengthen the already very strong accession agreement we
negotiated.
PERMANENT NORMAL TRADE RELATIONS
The question now before us is whether we will take advantage of these commitments.
China will be a WTO member regardless of the outcome of our debate. There is no doubt of that. Its government has
committed itself to a faster pace of market-opening and economic reform; and to the risks these entail for an entrenched
political system. The only question, ironically, is whether we will receive the full benefits of their accession and the
historic agreement we negotiated. And that brings me to the question of permanent Normal Trade Relations status for
China, or NTR.
By contrast to China's historic set of commitments, we make no changes whatsoever in our market access policies; in a
national security emergency, in fact, we can withdraw market access China now has. We change none of our laws
controlling the export of sensitive technology. And we amend none of our trade laws.
We have only one obligation: we must grant China permanent NTR or risk losing the full benefits of the agreement we
negotiated, including broad market access, special import protections, and rights to enforce China's commitments through
WTO dispute settlement. In terms of our China policy, this is no real change. NTR is simply the tariff status we give to
virtually all our trading partners; which we have given China since the Carter Administration; and which every
Administration and every Congress over the intervening 20 years has reviewed and found, even at the periods of greatest
strain in our relationship, to be in our fundamental national interest.
But the legislative grant of permanent NTR is critical. All WTO members, including ourselves, pledge to give one another
permanent NTR to enjoy the full benefits available in one another's markets. If Congress were to refuse to grant
permanent NTR, our Asian, Latin American, Canadian and European competitors will reap these benefits but American
farmers and factory workers, as well as service providers, would be left behind.
WTO ACCESSION AND BROADER ISSUES
That is reason enough for our commitment to secure permanent NTR for China. But the costs of U.S. retreat at this most
critical moment would go well beyond our export and trade interests.
As I noted earlier, it is not only fair but necessary to judge the WTO accession in light of its implications for reform
in China and Pacific security; and when we look beyond the precise commitments China has made to their deeper meaning,
we see that these American goals would be fundamentally threatened by a retreat from this historic agreement.
As even the brief review I have given indicates, China's commitments go well beyond sharp reductions of trade barriers
at the border. China will:
For the first time since the 1940s, permit foreign and Chinese businesses to import and export freely from China.
Reduce, and in some cases remove entirely, state control over internal distribution of goods and the provision of
services.
Enable, again for the first time since the 1940s, foreign businesses to participate in information industries such as
telecommunications, including the Internet.
And subject government decisions in all fields covered by the WTO to impartial dispute settlement when necessary.
These commitments alter policies dating to the earliest years of the communist era. They are a remarkable victory for
economic reformers in China, giving China's people more access to information, and weakening the ability of hardliners
to isolate China's public from outside influences and ideas. Altogether, they reflect a judgment -- still not
universally shared within the Chinese government -- that prosperity, security and international respect will come not
from the static nationalism, state power and state control China adopted after the war; but rather economic opening to
and engagement with the world, and ultimately development of the rule of law, inherent in the initiative President
Truman began in 1948.
That is why some of the leading advocates of democracy and human rights in Hong Kong and China - Bao Tong, jailed for
seven years after Tiananmen Square; Ren Wanding, one of the founders of China's modern human rights movement; Martin
Lee, the leader of Hong Kong's Democratic Party - see this agreement as China's most important step toward reform in
twenty years.
And internationally, the WTO accession will deepen and speed a process that has been of enormous importance to Pacific
peace and security. Over thirty years, as China has reformed its economy and opened to the world, its stake in the
region's stability and prosperity has grown. Economic reform has thus helped move its government away from the
revolutionary foreign policy of the 1950s and 1960s, and towards a positive and constructive role in maintaining peace
on the Korean Peninsula, in the Asian financial crisis, and on the UN Security Council.
We should never, of course, imagine that a trade agreement will cure all our disagreements. When we disagree with China
we must act with candor and firm assertion of our interests and values - as we have done repeatedly with respect to
Taiwan; as we have done in sanctioning China as a country of special concern under the International Religious Freedom
Act; and as will do next week at the UN Human Rights Commission, when we push for a resolution critical of China's
record on human rights.
But this is only part of our approach. As Theodore Roosevelt said of his Open Door Policy to China in the first years of
the 20th century:
"We must insist firmly on our rights; and China must beware of persisting in a course of conduct to which we cannot
honorably submit. But we in our turn must recognize our duties exactly as we insist upon our rights."
In this spirit, as we insist upon our rights, we also recognize how important a stable and peaceful relationship with
China is -- for the Chinese, for the world, and for America. And thus we see a fundamental responsibility to act upon
shared interests and mutual benefit. We have done so in the Asian financial crisis; in the maintenance of peace on the
Korean peninsula; and, for over a quarter century, in trade.
Each step in our China trade policy since 1972 has rested upon concrete American interests; promoted reform and an
emerging rule of law within China; and better integrated China in the Pacific economy. Thus, each has strengthened
China's stake in prosperity and stability throughout Asia. Together with our Pacific alliances and military commitments,
in tandem with our advocacy of human rights, and in the best tradition of postwar American leadership, trade policy has
helped to strengthen guarantees of peace and security for us and for the world.
And China's WTO accession, together with permanent NTR, will be the most significant step in this process for many
years.
CONCLUSION
So, if we have the wisdom and the confidence to make the right choice, we open an extraordinary set of possibilities.
A new and fundamentally improved trade relationship with the world's largest country, which offers practical, concrete
benefits to communities throughout America, strengthens guarantees of fairness for our working people and businesses,
creates new export opportunities that mean jobs and growth; and which caps fifty-three years of patient, difficult and
extraordinarily successful work towards a world of open markets under law.
A decisive step toward deeper and swifter reform within China, strengthening the rule of law; offering new opportunities
and hope for a better life to hundreds of millions of Chinese; and making China a country freer, more open to the world,
and more responsive to the rule of law than it is today.
And a relationship with the world's largest nation which may have moments of tension and volatility, but in which we
also act to find common ground and strengthen hopes for peace.
That is the opportunity before us. These are the stakes. And that is why the Administration is committed to permanent
Normal Trade Relations status for China on the basis of this historic agreement.
Thank you very much.
(end text)
(Distributed by the Office of International Information Programs, U.S. Department of State. Web site: usinfo.state.gov)
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