Interim Climate Change Committee's recommendations - Expert Reaction
The Government has released two reports from the Interim Climate Change Committee, along with details on how it plans to
respond to the recommendations.
A core recommendation stresses the need to see on-farm emissions accounted for and priced by 2025.
The committee recommends developing a fund to build the skills and technologies farmers will need to measure and manage
their on-farm emissions. Farming leaders are offering an alternative sector-led proposal, which it would manage, to get
the agricultural sector into an emissions pricing system by 2025.
The Government is seeking public feedback on the options, and plans to hold sessions around the country until August 13.
The SMC asked experts to comment on the reports and the Government's consultation document, all released today. Feel
free to use these comments in your reporting.
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Catherine Leining, Policy Fellow, Motu Economic and Public Policy Research, comments:
"There are four rationales for pricing agricultural emissions: encouraging lower-emission land uses, improving farm
practices and technologies, distributing GHG target costs, and influencing consumer choices. The ICCC’s report considers
how we can best use emission price incentives to align our agriculture sector with global decarbonisation.
"In December last year, the Biological Emissions Reference Group reported that there are technically and economically feasible options for reducing agricultural emissions using available
technologies. Some of these face price and non-price barriers. Overcoming these barriers is where policy needs to focus
first while technology development continues. Mitigation action for agricultural emissions does not have to wait, and
emission pricing alone will not be enough.
"For fertiliser emissions, processor-level pricing is the obvious choice for both administration and effectiveness. For
livestock emissions, the choice is more complicated. A clear message from the ICCC, the sector, and researchers is that
changes in on-farm practice need an on-farm price signal and other measures to address non-price barriers. It is
encouraging that both of the options in the Government’s consultation document would provide an on-ramp to on-farm
emissions measurement, reporting, and pricing by 2025. Hopefully, both options would help reduce agricultural emissions
pre-2025; if not, this burden would fall to other sectors or taxpayers.
"Under both consultation options, the government will need to align agricultural emission pricing with New Zealand’s
emission reduction targets under the Zero Carbon Bill and the Paris Agreement, and design free allocation rules that
incentivise both land-use change and improvements in on-farm practice and avoid significant emissions leakage overseas.
It is important to note the government’s cost projections in the consultation document assume an emission price of NZ$25
per tonne, which is not in line with New Zealand’s targets under discussion.
"The key difference between the consultation options is how soon the agriculture sector would face a price. Under the
Government’s proposal, pricing for both livestock and fertiliser emissions would begin at the processor level in 2021
with 95 per cent free allocation and revenue returned to the sector, and livestock emission pricing would shift to the
farm level in 2025 with no change for fertiliser. Under the sector’s proposed formal agreement, sector-led initiatives
would prepare farmers for emission pricing starting in 2025.
"Processor-level emission pricing from 2021 would impact immediately on land-use and consumer decisions to help reduce
emissions, reinforce the credibility of the longer-term price signal, accelerate administrative preparations, and supply
a pool of funding for sector investment and upskilling. It could also be paired with on-farm incentives. The measures in
sector-led approach would make an outstanding contribution to New Zealand’s low-emission transition if they were
adequately funded, technically supported, and widely adopted. Can we be bold enough to launch a future where sector
leadership and government pricing work together for mutual gain?"
No personal conflict of interest. Former Motu Senior Fellow Dr Suzi Kerr was a contributing author to the report of the
Interim Climate Change Committee.
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Professor Tim Payn, Chair of Sustainable Forestry, Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology and Scion, comments:
"This is a very clear, and comprehensive report which presents a series of recommendations couched within an ‘enabling
environment’ frame, the committee frequently uses terms such as encourage, assist, motivate in the report and have
developed a set of recommendations that are clear, transparent and actionable and will give farmers autonomy over choice
of what actions to take to transition to a lower emissions profile.
"Simplicity and ease of use of any systems developed is another flavour that comes through the report – even though
there is much underlying complexity in the emissions reduction area."
Improved training and extension services
"Wide ranging consultation and discussion is apparent in the preparation of this report. One especially important area
of engagement that the committee recognises is with youth, and they have specific recommendations about embedding
climate change topics into vocational training and academic curricula. This is extremely important given the high
average age of farmers and rapid technological changes in the agricultural sector. I would suggest also including school
programmes, especially in rural areas, in their recommendations would be useful. Intermediate school age is when
students often are most receptive to science and are making choices for their future study directions.
"Extension programmes are also very important - providing information on the topic in an easy to use form. One thing we
have noted within Scion in the last year or so is a very large increase in interest in information on tree planting. A
topic not often covered by farm advisers, but more specialist forest consultancy groups. Given the interest by farmers
at looking at the farm emissions system as a whole, including the trees on the farm, we should work out how best to
integrate tree or forest mitigation related information into the wider agricultural extension services."
Trees on farms and ‘Netting off’
"It is excellent to see trees incorporated explicitly into the farm system (e.g. Figure 3.2), and significant
consideration of this by the committee. Accounting for all emissions and sinks on a farm is attractive and bringing
trees into the farm system makes sense. In the past, forests have been seen as separate to agriculture, technology has
limited our ability to estimate carbon on some types of tree plantings, and Kyoto rules have limited ability to ‘count’
and report the carbon. However, new technologies such as remote sensing are advancing rapidly which will enable
estimation of carbon even down to the individual tree level. From a farmer perspective the ability to use carbon fixed
by trees on your farm to ‘nett off’ your emissions is likely to be very attractive, as long as measuring the carbon in
your trees is easy and cheap, and it is straightforward to engage with the NZ ETS. This area is well worth exploration
and development of systems for a range of tree species."
Impact on Rural communities
"The report notes the importance of policy settings effects on rural communities and the risk of negative impacts if
there is rapid land use change, especially to forestry. This risk can be minimised if trees and forests are seen as a
complementary, and on farm, land use and form part of the overall farm emissions picture. Significant areas of trees
could be incorporated onto appropriate parts of farms without necessarily adversely impacting farm profitability and
also having beneficial effects through diversification of farm value chains. It is good to see this perspective coming
through in the report. To make the most of these opportunities and minimise negative impacts, cooperative farmer group
initiatives within catchments or regions, linked to forestry groups such as regional wood councils would be beneficial."
No conflict of interest.
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Dave Frame, Professor of Climate Change, Victoria University of Wellington, comments:
"There has been much progress on climate issues in the past few years. The architecture of the Paris Agreement, its
signing, the maturation of the ETS and the bipartisan parliamentary commitment to climate mitigation are all significant
steps forward. The development of different perspectives for how agriculture can play its part in achieving good climate
outcomes has also been an important step forward. The commitment to a net zero carbon dioxide (CO2) future is the
central, vital piece of the picture, and there is now consensus around that as a long-term goal. The final thing to
acknowledge, and celebrate, is that there is a very broad consensus that agriculture should be subject to climate
policy. The ICCC should be congratulated for their part in developing that consensus.
"In view of these encouraging developments, the ICCC's report on agriculture is unconvincing. It advocates an outmoded
Kyoto-era approach to a Paris-era problem.
"The ICCC's approach of putting methane in the ETS with a 95 per cent free allocation for farmers is a poor idea. It is
unsatisfying environmentally, because it fails to sufficiently penalise new ruminant methane emissions, and it would not
sufficiently reward the climate effects of declining ruminant methane emissions. The price implied by the ICCC's
recommended approach is too small a disincentive against further expansion of the dairy herd, because the price is
simply too small to change behaviour.
"It should also be unsatisfying to farmers, because it perpetuates the myth in the public mind that the effects of
ruminant methane are fungible with those of fossil CO2. They are not. Under the ICCC's recommendation, the public will
still get the impression that farmers are getting away with 95 per cent of their climate change emissions; when in fact
the whole way of comparing the effect of different gases needs updating.
"The ICCC's discussion of methane in chapter 3 is weak, failing to make the point that declining emissions of methane
reduce warming, which is the main insight in the relevant science over the past few years. Similar obsolescence is also
evident elsewhere: the report states: 'New Zealand cannot wait until 2025 for the agriculture sector to contribute to
efforts to reduce emissions'. This is true of nitrous oxide but not of methane. The long run effect of a decrease in
methane is the same whether you make a cut now or whether you make it in ten years’ time.
"In the past year many individuals and public bodies made sophisticated arguments argued for separate treatment either
of ruminant methane or of land-sector emissions. The ICCC’s one-basket approach is actually something of an outlier.
Other bodies looking at the issue over the past year have argued for a 'two-baskets' approach, including the
Productivity Commission, Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment, Scion and NIWA.
"Yet there is a great deal of silver lining: the Government is seeking further inputs before deciding. This is good
call. It creates the space for a further conversation about the issue, presumably because they believe that all those
'two-basket' voices have something to offer. My hope is that this, and the formation of a new Commission, will be a good
opportunity for fresh thinking and fresh voices, more suited to the Paris-era of climate policy, to come through."
No conflict of interest.
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Dr Andrew Tait, Chief Scientist for Climate, Atmosphere and Hazards, NIWA, comments:
AGRICULTURE
"The Interim Climate Change Committee (ICCC) acknowledges that farmers must be properly equipped to play their part to
bring agriculture into New Zealand’s emissions trading scheme.
"NIWA has significant experience measuring paddock-scale greenhouse gas emissions and is ready and willing to contribute
to the design and implementation of an effective and efficient on-farm monitoring scheme for all New Zealand farmers.
"While farmers - and the Government - want emissions to be calculated at the farm level where they have the most control
over how they can manage their own emissions, this is going to be a massive challenge. It will require both bottom-up
(farm-level) measurements and top-down (what the atmosphere “sees”) modelling. NIWA is already undertaking a large
modelling and measurement project to better understand where our emissions are coming from as well as how much of these emissions are being taken up by
forests and plants.
"Accounting for on-farm emissions and pricing them by 2025 is a short timeframe, but NIWA agrees there is an urgent need
to design and implement a well-functioning accounting scheme that will provide farmers with the data to consider their
emissions-reduction activities, and importantly, to be used to monitor the effectiveness of their actions."
ACCELERATED ELECTRIFICATION
"Average climatic conditions for wind, solar and hydropower generation are available for any location in New Zealand,
but more detailed information is still needed on the minute-to-minute, day-to-day, month-to-month and year-to-year
variability of these renewable resources to optimise their potential.
"Furthermore, NIWA is modelling how these energy-generation resources might change in the next 20, 50 and 100 years –
the lifetime of most renewable energy infrastructure – to maximise the likelihood that present-day investment in
renewables will provide the desired benefits for decades to come.
"The ICCC comments on the need for additional renewable generation like wind and solar power as well as other options
such as a pumped hydro scheme to cover dry years. NIWA already provides guidance to energy companies on the likelihood
of dry seasons and years. This information helps generators manage their resources and optimise their energy production.
"NIWA’s weather forecast model, run at 1.5km resolution every 6 hours, is currently being used to create an historical
30-year high-resolution weather dataset for the whole country.
"When complete, the dataset will be the ultimate source of climate information for testing renewable energy generation
potential anywhere in the country – and importantly, testing how the mix of current and future generation schemes can be
run optimally to secure electricity supply on days when the wind isn’t blowing or the sun isn’t shining or when the
hydro inflows are low. The data will be a game-changer for renewable energy system design and management in New
Zealand."
No conflict of interest declared.