NIWA Media Release Scientists discover freshwater flows affect polar oceanic microbes
An international team of scientists has been studying bacteria that live in Arctic and Antarctica waters.
NIWA’s Marine Microbiologist, Els Maas says, “The polar regions often are described as being mirror images of one
another so we were expecting the bacteria populations to be comparable”.
However, genetic sequencing has shown that 75 per cent of the bacteria found in the surface coastal waters are unique to
either the Arctic or Antarctica. The differences are not nearly so marked in deeper waters and the scientists believe
that freshwater from glaciers and streams to the Arctic and Antarctica appears to be responsible for the difference.
One of the most notable differences in environmental conditions between the two polar oceans is freshwater input. In the
Antarctica, glacial meltwater accounts for most of the freshwater that flows into the systems. In contrast, the Arctic
ocean receives much more freshwater from several large rivers with huge continental drainage basins, in addition to
glacial meltwater.
Dr Maas says, “It’s important to study bacteria because we don’t understand much about their diversity, especially how
they contribute to the food web. Bacteria are important in recycling nutrients and making these available to larger
plants and animals.”
The scientists compared samples from coastal and open oceans, between winter and summer (2000-2008), to test whether or
how environmental conditions and dispersal patterns shape communities in the polar oceans. Samples were processed using
a DNA sequencing technique called pyrosequencing, involving more than 800,000 sequences from the 92 samples.
The New Zealand samples were collected as part of the New Zealand Government-funded IPY-CAML (International Polar Year
Census of Antarctic Marine Life) research trip to the Ross Sea in 2008 on board NIWA’s research vessel Tangaroa. The
NIWA samples were the southern-most samples analysed.
The collaborative research was the result of an international effort coordinated by Dr Alison Murray, Desert Research
Institute, USA. It involved national polar research programs from six countries -Canada, France, New Zealand, Spain,
Sweden and the United States. Support for the work also came from the Sloan Foundation's Census of Marine Life program
and the International Census of Marine Microbes, which developed the approach and conducted the sequencing effort.
ENDS