Scientists Rubbish Official Claim that Illegal GE Corn is Safe
Official claims that illegal GM maize accidentally grown in the US for the past 4 years is "safe" are being challenged
by independent scientists in the UK and New Zealand.
The scientists have backed consumer-group concerns that testing and monitoring of 'Bt10' maize- accidentally grown and
marketed as 'Bt11' is inadequate and have called for publication of the data that Food Authorities in New Zealand and
Australia claim is held by US authorities and shows all proteins from the plants to be 'identical'.
" It appears the Food Authorities here have little idea how much Bt11 maize has entered the food chain, where it has
been used, or who has eaten it, " says Jon Carapiet from GE free NZ in food and environment.
"All they seem able to say is that it's probably in just a little bit of imported food and the US government says its
safe so they aren't going to worry about it"
That is simply unacceptable as the basis for applying what Governments' claim to be a scientifically-sound and robust
food safety system.
" It's like they are making it up as they go along. How can the public maintain confidence in such a system when in the
EU a whole new testing regime is being proposed because the current system is failing."
The UK-based Institute of Science in Society has issued a detailed report on the Bt 10 problem ( see below) which calls
into question claims made by officials here. A senior New Zealand scientist is also critical of the comments made in the
Food Safety Authority fact sheet.
"'Proteins produced by BT10 have been confirmed ... to be identical to those produced by BT11 corn' is completely
unscientific. Which proteins? How identical? Completely or nearly? All or some? " he says.
GE Free NZ in food and environment is calling for a radical overhaul of the Food Standards and Food Safety Authorities
to close the gaps in current systems revealed in the Bt 10 fiasco.
"This is a classic case-study of how things can go wrong," says Jon Carapiet.
The issues that urgently need to be addressed include:
How come the wrong GE seed was shipped in error for up to 4 years? What system is in place to prevent repeats ? What
data has been gathered to prove all proteins in BT 10 are identical to Bt11 and also completely safe ? Does Bt 10 use an
antibiotic marker gene as claimed by UK scientis who indicate this is already known by Australian / NZ authorities When
will independent safety testing be introduced along the lines currently proposed by the EU and previously proposed to
address serious knowledge gaps? When will product testing and tracking be introduced to allow public health monitoring?
When will a system be in place to allow recall if necessary for a product such as Bt10?
Until these basic issues are faced by the Authorities their actions in approving GE foods and accepting contamination by
unauthorised variants like Bt10 remain dubious in terms of scientific and legal standing.
ENDS
references
1) Australia New Zealand Food Standards Authority Fact Sheet - 30 March 2005
Independent Scientific Commentary - I-SIS, UK - 30 March 2005
Fact sheet : Release of unapproved genetically modified (GM) corn
A variety of GM corn that does not have regulatory approval in Australia and other countries has been accidentally grown
and released into the food and feed supply in the United States. A very small amount of this corn may have been exported
as animal feed or processed food to Australia during the period between 2001 and 2004.
An article published in the journal, Nature, on 22 March 2005 reported that a variety of genetically modified corn that
did not have regulatory approval was distributed in the United States by accident over a four-year period. Syngenta, one
of the world’s largest agricultural biotechnology companies, inadvertently produced and distributed several hundred
tonnes of the corn, known as BT10, between 2001 and 2004.
Syngenta disclosed these findings to the United States authorities in late 2004. This information has only recently come
to the attention of FSANZ. According to Syngenta, seed produced from BT10 corn would have constituted only a very small
fraction (0.01%) of the total corn acres planted in the United States during the period it was inadvertently used.
Syngenta has stated that, while very unlikely, small volumes of harvested BT10 grain (0.002%) may have been used as
animal feed or processed food and may have been exported to some countries, including Australia.
The BT10 corn is closely related to BT11 corn, a genetically modified corn variety that has been approved for use in
livestock feed and for human food use in Australia since August 2001. BT11 corn is approved for food and feed use and
for growing in the United States, Canada, Argentina, Japan, South Africa and Uruguay. It is also approved for import for
food and feed use in the European Union, Switzerland, Australia, New Zealand, Taiwan, the Philippines, China, Russia and
Korea.
FSANZ has concluded that there is unlikely to be any food safety concern in the event that BT10 corn has inadvertently
entered the food supply in Australia or other countries since:
· The amounts of BT10 corn that may have entered the food supply would have been extremely small.
· Proteins produced by BT10 have been confirmed by united states regulatory authorities to be identical to those
produced by BT11 corn, a fully approved product for animal feed and human use in a number of countries, including
Australia.
30 March 2005
2) ISIS Press Release 30/03/05 Syngenta's GM Maize Scandals A trail of unstable GM maize varieties, dead cows,
cross-contamination and misinformation
Prof. Joe Cummins and Dr. Mae-Wan Ho demand a full disclosure of all available data for damage limitation
Farmers who bought Syngenta’s genetically modified (GM) maize Bt11 may, in fact have got more than they bargained for,
because many received another GM variety Bt10 that may be worse. The news broke in the science journal Nature. Several
hundred tonnes of the unapproved GM maize variety Bt10 had been "inadvertently" distributed under the Bt11 label between
the years 2001 and 2004. Syngenta claimed that Bt11 and Bt10 are physically identical [1], but this is impossible to
achieve in the current state of the GM technology, and is at odds with its own reports to USDA/APHIS in 1994.
Eleven years ago the Northrup-King company (later taken over by Syngenta) reported that Bt10 produced several times less
toxin than Bt11 even though the two lines were modified with similar sets of transgenes; but the transgenes had inserted
at different sites in the maize genome.
Bt11 has been approved for consumption in Argentina, Australia, Canada, China, European Union, Japan, Korea,
Philippines, Russia, South Africa, Switzerland, Taiwan, United Kingdom, United States and Uruguay [2]. Northrop-King
Company consulted the US Food and Drug Agency (FDA), and provided minimal evidence that the maize strain was
substantially equivalent to unmodified maize [3, 4]. It applied for non-regulated status in the US in 1995, which
USDA/APHIS granted a year later [5].
Substituting the unapproved GM maize Bt10 for Bt11 is a very serious breach of safety. But Bt11 maize is already bad
enough, and should never have been approved ("Approval of Bt11 maize endangers humans and livestock", SiS 23). The
European Commission gave it approval in May 2004 when expert committees repeatedly failed to reach an agreement. French
and Belgian government scientists had reported "rearrangements, truncations and unexpected insertions" in Bt11. The main
insert appeared to have landed in what turns out to be a suspected "megatransposon" involved in exchanging segments
between chromosomes, making the variety potentially very unstable. Bt11 was also contaminated with another Syngenta GM
maize, Bt176, also found to be unstable and misidentified ("Unstable transgenic lines illegal SiS 21), and was
implicated in the death of at least a dozen dairy cows in Hesse Germany ("Cows ate GM maize and died", SiS 21). Watch
this space.
According to the petition from Northup-King [6], Bt11 (and also Bt10) was constructed using the Cry1Ab toxin gene from
Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki that had been altered extensively and the protein shortened to enhance _expression
in maize, and controlled by a cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter enhanced by a maize alcohol dehydrogenase intron,
and the nos transcription terminator from Agrobacterium. A second transgene coding for phosphoinothricin acetyl
transferase (PAT) from Streptomyces, also altered extensively and controlled by the same promoter and terminator,
confers resistance to the herbicide glufosinate; although the GM maize was not marketed as herbicide resistance. The two
structural genes were inserted into the long arm of maize chromosome 8, it was claimed.
An appendix [7] to the Northrup King petition compared the production of the events Bt11 and Bt10. The Bt10 event was
not characterized as to the chromosomal site of integration nor was there extensive analysis of the gene inserts and
their protein products. The study showed that Bt11 produced about seven times more toxin protein than Bt10, indicating a
clear difference between the two events. Farmers unknowingly planting Bt10 in place of Bt11 would be prone to experience
insect resistance in the low toxin maize.
An advice on Bt11 from UK’s ACRE (Advisory Committee on Releases to the Environment) [8], made reference to data
provided by Syngenta to support its claim that the ampicillin resistance marker gene was absent from Bt11, in which Bt10
was used as a positive control. This implies that the antibiotic resistance marker gene is indeed present in Bt10.
Syngenta has now admitted to this [9], but a spokesperson from the company downplayed the significance of the antibiotic
resistance marker gene. Ampicillin is a widely used clinical antibiotic, and the European Food Safety Authority, the
Codex Alimentarius, and many medical and scientific experts have recommended against using antibiotic resistance genes
in GM foods, hence Bt10 is unlikely to have received regulatory approval in Europe.
There are also as yet unconfirmed reports that the Bt10 inserts have a promoter different from Bt11 and that the
enhancer has been altered.
The Australia-New Zealand Food Authority reported that the Bt11 PAT gene is driven by the 35S figwort mosaic virus [10]
instead of the 35SCaMV promoter reported to USDA/APHIS and the European regulatory authorities. The Canadian Food
Inspection Agency reported more than one Cry1Ab toxin protein produced in Bt11, these included proteins of 69kDa, 65kDa
and two minor ones of 40kDa and 15kDa [11]; suggesting that the toxin is processed or degraded in Bt11 maize. The toxins
produced in event Bt10 have not been reported to public and this information should be made available immediately.
There was a long delay between the discovery of large plantings of Bt10 and the report to the public. Syngenta, the FDA
[12] and UK DEFRA (Department of the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs) [13] have all initially claimed that Bt10 and
Bt11 are identical. This claim was made in the face of clear evidence that the two events were different, according to
information available to UK’s ACRE at least since 2003 [14].
There must now be a full disclosure of all available data to limit the damages being done. Reference 1. Macilwain C. US
launches probe into sales of unapproved transgenic corn, Nature 2005, 434, 424.
2. Agbios Bt11 approvals http://www.agbios.com/
3. US Food and Drug Administration Biotechnology Consultation Agency Response Letter BNF No.000017 1996
http://www.cfscan.fda.gov/
4. US Food and Drug Administration Biotechnology Consultation Note on the File BNF No.000017 1996
http://www.cfscan.fda.gov/
5. Payne J. USDA/APHIS Petition 95-195-01 for Determination of Nonregulated Status for Bt11 Corn 1996.
6. Pilacinski W and Williams D. Petition for Determination of Nonreguloated Status for: Insect protection corn
expressing the Cry1Ab gene from Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki 1995.
7. Hanten J and Meeusen R. Petition for Determination of Nonreguloated Status for: Insect protection corn expressing the
Cry1Ab gene from Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki Appendix G Determination of levels of plant produced Bacillus
thuringiensis kuastaki HD-1 proteins in transgenic maize. 1994.
8. Advisory Committee on Releases to the Environment. Advice on a notification for marketing of insect resistant and
herbicide tolerant GM maize. http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/acre/ad vice/pdf/acre_advice35.pdf
9. "Stray seeds had antibiotic-resistance genes" Colin Macilwain, Nature online, 29 March 2005.
http://www.nature.com/news/2005/050328/full/434548a.html
10. Australia-NewZealand Food Authority Draft Risk Analysis Report Application A386 Food derived from insect protected
herbicide tolerant Bt11 corn 2000.
11.Canadian Food Inspection Agency Decision Document DD96-12: determination of environment safety of Northrup King Seeds
European corn borer resistant corn 1996.
12. Press Release: Following Syngenta-initiated investigation of unintended corn release, EPA and USDA conclude existing
food safety clearance applies, no human health or environmental concerns, Washington, DC (USA), 21 March 2005, Syngenta
web site. http://www.nature.com/news/2005/050321/full/nature03 570.html http://www.syngenta.com
13. DEFRA Press Release, 23 March 2005 (see below) http://www.gnn.gov.uk/Content/Detail.a sp?ReleaseID=153346=2
14. "DEFRA accused of key role in GM contamination cover-up", Press Notice from GM Free Cymru 30 March 2005
ENDS