GM Watch Daily
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Yet more evidence we haven't a clue what we're doing with this technology. New research shows refuges designed by the US
Environmental Protection Agency to decrease the rapid evolution of pest resistance "could actually increase the risk of
pests acquiring resistance to the GM crops".
1.Resistance found in GM refuges
2.Comment from Prof Cummins + abstract
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1.Resistance found in GM refuges
Wind pollination carries Bt genes from GM maize into neighboring plants | By Cathy Holding
http://www.biomedcentral.com/news/20040511/01/
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) on the planting of non-transgenic "refuges" - areas in which a non-transgenic
crop is grown to allow survival of susceptible insects adjacent to genetically modified (GM) crops - could actually
increase the risk of pests acquiring resistance to the GM crops, according to a report published in the May 10.
http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/0400546101v1
The results would also "throw away" the idea of using GM and non-GM mixed seeds in developing countries as an alternate
solution for land-hungry refuges not available to small-scale Third World farmers, according to Charles F. Chilcutt and
Bruce E. Tabashnik, authors of the report. Such a mixed method was thought to create "mini-refuges" among the GM crop.
Along with six non-transgenic commercial hybrids, the authors studied six transgenic hybrids producing Bacillus
thuringiensis (Bt) toxin Cry1- "a benign pesticide that does not affect mammals, birds, or fish", said Chilcutt. "It's a
very useful pesticide especially for organic farmers," Chilcutt, assistant professor of entomology at Texas A University Agricultural Research and Extension Center, told The Scientist.
"If growers planted wall-to-wall corn that had Bt [bred in], we would expect that [insect] resistance would evolve
rapidly," said Tabashnik, professor in the Department of Entomology at the University of Arizona. The use of refuges
"can slow resistance down considerably," he said.
However, regulations governing the planting of refuges had never been tested, according to Chilcutt. "No one really went
into the idea of what will happen if you plant the non-Bt refuge too close to the Bt crop. And I'm not sure why that
is," he said.
The authors found that low to moderate levels of Bt toxin were detectable in ears of non-transgenic maize growing up to
31 meters away from the GM crop. At least 43% of the levels found in the transgenic crop were found in the closest
planted rows, with levels decreasing with distance, which implies that pollen-mediated transgene flow from Bt maize
caused contamination of non-Bt maize refuge plants, the authors say.
Pests eating the kernels of the contaminated refuge plants would not be exposed to the very high level of Bt toxin found
in the transgenic crop, but to an intermediate level, said Ian Denholm, head of the Division of Plant and Invertebrate
Ecology at Rothamsted Research, UK.
Insects heterozygous for a resistance gene would not be expected to be as resistant as a homozygote, said Denholm, who
was not involved in the study. "Yet because they may encounter conditions under which they can survive [in the
contaminated refuge], the potential risk of resistance developing to an appreciable frequency in the pest population is
definitely increased," he said.
It was notable as well that the authors were detecting Bt toxin in the refuge plants up to 31 meters from the transgenic
crop, Denholm said. "But they note that the current [EPA] recommendations for the minimum separation distance between
the transgenics and the refuge is only about 4 meters."
Denholm said that the implementation of refuge strategy in developing countries is "nothing like as rigorous as it is in
countries such as in the US and in Australia, for example."
The marketing of seed mixes, proposed to be an alternative to managing refuges as distinct areas for crop in developing
countries, would mean there will always be a proportion of non-transgenic plants within the crop, said Denholm. "This
phenomenon which the authors describe in the paper [however] almost excludes seed mixes as a tactic," he said.
Denholm said that the transgene toolbox is very small at the moment. "It's basically a few Bt toxins, and those are
structurally quite similar, so there's a risk that resistance selected by one would extend to the others as well," he
said. “Without a new supply of equally effective toxins, resistance developing to Bt plants would effectively preclude
the technology.
David Deegan, a spokesperson at the EPA's Office of Public Affairs, said that the EPA had not yet had an opportunity to
fully evaluate the study. He said, however, that at all times EPA has the ability to take action on a pesticidal crop or
chemical pesticide if new information comes to light that indicates that there are significant health or ecological
concerns that were not previously identified.
Links for this article
US Environmental Protection Agency: Regulating Pesticides
http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/biopesticides/pips/bt_brad.htm
C. Chilcutt, B. Tabashnik, "Contamination of refuges by Bacillus thuringiensis toxin genes from transgenic maize," PNAS,
DOI:101:7526-7529, May 18, 2004.
http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/0400546101v1
Charles F. Chilcutt
http://beaumont.tamu.edu/Personnel/emeritus_page/Charles_Chilcu tt.htm
Bruce Tabashnik
http://ag.arizona.edu/ento/faculty/tabashnik.html
Ian Denholm
http://www.rothamsted.bbsrc.ac.uk/pie/
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2.Comment from Prof Joe Cummins + abstract
The paper below deals with the problem of pollen flow in Bt maize. In the publication it is noted that pollen flow has
reached as much as 200 meters in windy conditions. The approval and field testing of GM maize has continued to claim
much lower releases of pollen.
Published online before print May 10, 2004
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 10.1073/pnas.0400546101
Chilcutt, C. F. || Tabashnik, B. E.
Agricultural Sciences
Contamination of refuges by Bacillus thuringiensis toxin genes from transgenic maize
Charles F. Chilcutt * and Bruce E. Tabashnik *Department of Entomology, Texas A University, 10345 Agnes Street, Corpus Christi, TX 78406; and Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson,
AZ 85721
Transgenic crops producing insecticidal toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are widely used to control pests, but
their benefits will be lost if pests evolve resistance. The mandated high-dose/refuge strategy for delaying pest
resistance requires planting refuges of toxin-free crops near Bt crops to promote survival of susceptible pests. We
report that pollen-mediated gene flow up to 31 m from Bt maize caused low to moderate Bt toxin levels in kernels of
non-Bt maize refuge plants. Immunoassays of non-Bt maize sampled from the field showed that the mean concentration of Bt
toxin Cry1Ab in kernels and the percentage of kernels with Cry1Ab decreased with distance from Bt maize. The highest Bt
toxin concentration in pooled kernels of non-Bt maize plants was 45% of the mean concentration in kernels from adjacent
Bt maize plants. Most previous work on gene flow from transgenic crops has emphasized potential effects of transgene
movement on wild relatives of crops, landraces, and organic plantings, whereas implications for pest resistance have
been largely ignored. Variable Bt toxin production in seeds of refuge plants undermines the high-dose/refuge strategy
and could accelerate pest resistance to Bt crops. Thus, guidelines should be revised to reduce gene flow between Bt
crops and refuge plants.