The Terror Of Corporate Globalisation
Aziz Choudry, GATT Watchdog, Aotearoa (New Zealand)
Presentation for Asian Peoples’ Solidarity Forum, Hong Kong
28 October 2001
“The corporate caterpillars come into our backyards and turn the world to pocket change… They preach from the pulpit of
the bottom line. Their minds rustle with million dollar bills”.
In her song, The Priests of the Golden Bull, Cree* Singer-songwriter Buffy Sainte Marie captures the essence of the
corporate globalisation agenda.
Last month, Founder and President of the World Economic Forum (WEF), Professor Klaus Schwab said “Globalisation… may be
accelerating in our lifetime but it has been around since Marco Polo and it will not end because anti-globalisation
protesters find it objectionable.”
Indeed globalisation and the values underpinning the neoliberal agenda are nothing new. They are as old as the MAI
(Multilateral Agreement on Investment), APEC (Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation) and the WTO (World Trade Organisation),
and as new as Marco Polo, Columbus and Magellan. The injustices and terror suffered by colonized peoples as a result of
successive waves of globalisation the world over has a long history as does the determined resistance to the brutal
clenched fist of market forces which has destroyed local economies, livelihoods, cultures, societies and the
environment. Resistance did not start at Seattle or on the Internet and it will not stop after next month’s WTO meeting.
Modern transnational corporations are the heirs to the East India Company, the Hudson’s Bay Company, the New Zealand
Company – major players in earlier waves of colonization, dispossession and the commodification of peoples, lands and
nature. The drive to reduce everything and everyone to a commodity to be bought and sold in the market place has been a
defining characteristic of the colonization process the world over.
We need to very clearly and consciously align our struggles for alternatives to the neoliberal model with the older
struggles for self-determination, against imperialism and colonialism if we are to succeed. We must delegitimise
transnational corporations and international institutions like the WTO, World Bank and the IMF – the Bretton Woods toxic
trio, the Asian Development Bank, and the other institutions and processes which advance corporate globalisation
globally, regionally and nationally. We must clearly and deliberately reject them as fundamentally flawed. And we must
act with urgency.
Professor Schwab’s World Economic Forum has an overblown view of its own self-importance. It sees itself as “an unbiased
and neutral platform for debate…the foremost international network for private and public participation for enterprise
in the global interest.” The motto of this elite forum, which brings together some 1000 heads of state, government
officials and business leaders for its East Asia Summit in a few days here in Hong Kong is “Committed to Improving the
State of the World”. It cherishes global competitiveness and private profit.
Famous for its annual summits in Davos, Switzerland, the WEF is a high profile venue for interaction between the private
sector and government leaders and a platform for the world’s most powerful transnational corporations. A WEF public
affairs officer called it a “giant dating agency” for transnational corporations and governments. To join, a company
must have a minimum turnover of US $1 billion, a global outlook and “strong management”. Its main funding comes from
‘institutional partners’ like Nestle, Coca-Cola, Hewlett Packard, Volkswagen, Audi, Price Waterhouse, Booz-Allen and
Hamilton, Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, and DHL.
But the very policies which the WEF promotes – and the corporations that fund it and attend its meetings - have helped
to put the world in the state that it is in. It is a talkshop for the world’s political and economic elites to share
their latest sales pitches to sell corporate greed, corporate welfare and laissez-faire policies to a public grown
increasingly wary of the promises of trickledown economics. It is hard to tell exactly how much influence the WEF has on
global and national economic policy and decision making. But it is a potent symbol of the obscene economic and political
power of the handful of corporations which dominate the world’s economy.
Schwab says that the WEF is a “true platform for dialogue”. Selected “civil society” representatives are sometimes
invited to “dialogue” with the WEF. But we should remember that dialogue is the most important PR tactic that companies
– and the institutions and agencies which promote corporate globalisation - are using to overcome the growing opposition
to their operations. It is a typical divide and rule tactic. One PR guru has outlined a three step divide and conquer
strategy on how corporations can defeat public interest activists who apparently fall into four distinct categories:
“radicals”, “opportunists”, “idealists” and “realists”. The goal is to isolate the radicals, “cultivate” the idealists
and “educate” them into becoming realists, then coopt the realists into agreeing with industry.
Transnational corporations account for two-thirds of world trade in goods and services. Free trade is a euphemism for
freedom from governmental restrictions for transnational corporations. Of the world’s top 100 economies, based on a
comparison of annual corporate sales and a nation’s GDP, 51 were companies, 49 were countries. According to the
Institute for Policy Studies report, The Top 200: The Rise of Global Corporate Power, by 1999, Nissan was bigger than
New Zealand, Siemens was bigger than Malaysia, IBM was bigger than Singapore, Daimler Chrysler was bigger than Thailand,
and Volkswagen was bigger than the Philippines.
Between 1983 and 1999 the profits of the Top 200 corporations grew by 362.4 % while the number of workers they employed
rose only 14.4%. By 1999 the top 200 companies accounted for over a quarter of the world’s total economic activity but
provided jobs for only 0.75% of the world’s workforce. Their combined sales were 18 times the size of the combined
annual income of 1.2 billion people – 24% of the world’s population, living in what the World Bank defines as “severe”
poverty – on less than US $1 a day.
TNCs have used their formidable lobbying power to shape national economic policies and international trade and
investment agreements. They have privileged access to high level decision makers on trade and investment issues, while
the public has little or no input. They used the OECD Business and Industry Advisory committee to lobby for the OECD
MAI. Director of the WTO’s services division, David Hartridge said: “without the enormous pressure generated by the
American financial sector, particularly companies like American Express and CitiCorp, there would have been no services
agreement and therefore perhaps…no WTO”.
In agriculture alone, by the early 1990s, 77% of world trade in cereals was controlled by 5 transnational corporations;
in bananas, 80% was controlled by 3 corporations, in tobacco, 87% by 4 corporations.
Percy Barnevik of the ABB Industrial Group said: “[Globalisation is] the freedom for my group of companies to invest
where it wants when it wants, to produce what it wants, to buy and sell where it wants, and support the fewest
restrictions possible coming from labour laws and social conventions”.
In the name of development, economic growth, and progress, the Bretton Woods toxic trio and other vehicles which promote
global free market ideology aim to set a single economic policy for the world, one which advances the needs of
transnational capital and the major economic powers who protect capital and benefit from these activities.
These agencies promote a package of reforms which includes: minimal controls on big business; unrestricted foreign
investment; unlimited export of profits; privatisation of state assets, utilities and services; full exposure of
domestic markets to cheap imports; privately-funded and owned infrastructure operating through deregulated markets;
market-driven service sectors, including social services like education and healthcare; competitive (i.e. low cost,
deunionised) and flexible (temporary, part-time and contract-based) labour markets; free movement for business
immigrants (while retaining strict controls for foreign workers and refugees).
One WTO briefing paper says: “Under WTO rules, once a commitment has been made to liberalise a sector of trade, it is
difficult to reverse. The rules also discourage a range of unwise policies. For businesses, that means greater certainty
about trading conditions. For government it can often mean good discipline.”
The ILO World Labour Report 2000 showed that increasing trade liberalization and the effects of globalisation have
resulted in job losses and less secure employment in both industrialized and Third World countries.
According to a report commissioned by the WTO itself, the number of people living in absolute poverty in many parts of
the world will nearly double by 2008.
Since September 11 the world’s peoples are being asked to take sides in a bipolar world dreamed up by the Bush
administration. In reality we live in a unipolar world with few real checks and balances on political and economic
power. Now the war on terrorism is being cynically linked to the struggle to forge consensus and rally domestic support
for economic liberalization and open up the world’s economies further and faster to global capital. This month’s APEC
Summit in Shanghai, besides being a platform to build support for a new round of global trade talks at the WTO, was used
in a brazenly political way to shore up support for Bush’s war against terrorism. For so long APEC has claimed to be a
community of economies, in order to avoid any consideration of the impacts of the economic liberalization which it
promotes on Indigenous Peoples, workers, small businesses, local communities and the environment, unless they can are
defined in narrow “trade-related” terms. How times change.
Meanwhile opponents of the neoliberal model and peoples struggling for self-determination face renewed moves to
criminalise dissent by governments which seek to use the September 11 attacks to shore up economic and political agendas
which have often been engulfed in a global crisis of credibility and legitimacy over the past few years. With the Qatar
WTO Ministerial only days away, they no doubt hope this is the miracle cure for the post-Seattle Traumatic Stress
Syndrome which has dogged attempts to get a new round of global negotiations underway.
As Michel Chossudovsky points out, war is good for business. US Trade Representative Bob Zoellick stated very clearly
last month in the Washington Post: “America’s light and might emanate from our political, military and economic
vitality. Our counteroffensive must advance US leadership across all these fronts.” (Countering Trade With Terror,
20/09/2001) A massive redirection of the USA’s resources towards its military industrial complex looks set to enable
defence contractors like Boeing and Lockheed Martin to quite literally make a killing as they line their coffers with
billions of dollars of surplus profits, no doubt at the expense of social expenditure.
For the globalisers crises always seem to bring new opportunities. The 1997/8 financial crisis which wrought so much
human suffering across South East Asia provided a way to quickly open up Asian currency and finance markets to foreign –
especially US – capital, through the prescribed tough IMF medicine.
We live in a world of double standards. Hot money zaps in and out of economies at the touch of a computer key,
transforming countries into casino economies, triggering financial collapses in their wake. Transnational corporations
can use investment agreements to sue governments whose policies they claim interfere with their right to make a profit
or reduce the value of an investment. Under the North American Free Trade Agreement’s Investment Chapter, US-based Ethyl
Corporation successfully forced the Canadian government to remove a ban on its product, a fuel additive called MMT a
suspected neurotoxin and environmental hazard. Rather than face a possible US $250 million penalty, Canada paid US$13
million to Ethyl Corp and issued an apology. The failed Multilateral Agreement on Investment which some countries want
to resurrect at the WTO, and many new bilateral investment agreements like those which New Zealand has signed with Hong
Kong and Singapore, Chile and Argentina contain provisions which would allow investors from one signatory country to
take actions against the other government for compensation.
Meanwhile countless people forced to flee their homes and seek a better life elsewhere are still dubbed “illegal
immigrants” by governments which demonise and dehumanize them, go to extraordinary lengths to keep them out, like the
Australian government as it continues the colonial tradition of using the Pacific Islands as a dumping ground - this
time for the desperate refugees that have escaped Afghanistan, Iraq and other countries and been denied entry into
Australia. The same Australian government which is one of the Asia-Pacific’s most ardent advocates of the free flow of
goods and services through trade liberalization. At a time when transnational corporations are demanding greater rights
to wander and plunder at will, striving to maximize profits by driving down the costs of labour and natural resources,
encouraging countries to compete in a race to the bottom to lower wages, environmental, health and safety standards to
attract foreign investment, constrain current and future government abilities to set policies and define their own
course of development, no person, anywhere in the world, in the 21st century, should be called “illegal”.
Azra Sayeed, a Pakistani activist, says: “From the projection of pain and grief by media one can assume that intensity
of feeling pain is measured based on one’s place in the power systems of the world. Otherwise, the many devastations
faced by have-nots would have generated the same kind of frenzy as being televised these days. That classes amongst
nations exist has been starkly demonstrated: the US $ 40 billion aid approved by the US Congress for the New York
catastrophe makes a statement. Pakistan’s entire debt is just short of this huge sum. The population of this country is
140 million with nearly half below the poverty line, living through the agony of hunger, disease and many indignities of
poverty, much delivered through the brutal hand of market forces.”
In the North, using the pretext of the attacks, privatized industries like the airline sector are getting massive
bailouts from the very governments which dictate to other nations the terms of trade, and preach a market gospel, while
the daily agony of the majority of the world’s population under structural adjustment, trade and investment
liberalization imperialism, and militarisation continues.
Someone once said that when injustice becomes law, resistance becomes a duty. The political climate in many countries
has changed for the worse since September 11, but we have no choice but to resist the renewed onslaught of global
capital and continue to fight for peoples’ rights to self-determination and build alternatives to corporate
globalisation. We must not become paralysed into inaction by the current overtly hostile climate towards political
dissent.
The free market gurus, the Bretton Woods institutions and the US-led war machine will never deliver “enduring freedom”
to the world’s peoples. What will? I hope we can come up with some concrete steps towards addressing that question at
this forum. Thank You.
(Translator’s note *Cree – an Indigenous Nation in Canada)
Aziz Choudry