11 April 2006 Media Statement
(Includes Q)
See also... Taxation Of Investment Income - Fact Sheets 1-3
$110 million of tax cuts to improve fairness of investment tax regime
The government is to introduce a fairer regime for taxing New Zealanders who invest in New Zealand and overseas which
will mean a tax cut of $110 million a year from next April, Finance Minister Michael Cullen and Revenue Minister Peter
Dunne announced today.
"We want a system that doesn't encourage investors to favour investing overseas over investing in New Zealand.
"We are removing distortions which favour sophisticated direct investors over those who choose to invest through managed
funds and unit trusts," the two Ministers said.
"This is no money grab by the government. In fact it will cost about $110 million a year in foregone tax revenue. But if
we are to improve the savings culture in this country the government considers this to be a valuable investment to
make," said the Ministers.
Their comments follow the release today of changes to the investment tax regime.
"There has been extensive consultation following the Stobo Report. We have listened to the concerns of the investment
community and we think we have the balance right now," they said.
"As always there will be winners and losers. The losers in this case will tend to be sophisticated direct investors who
have enjoyed considerable tax advantages under the old regime and who have the ability to easily adjust their investment
arrangements.
"The winners will be thousands of ordinary, hard working New Zealanders who the government is helping to achieve long
term financial security."
The changes are in three areas:
1. The new rules will remove a number of tax disadvantages for investors using managed funds, many of whom are ordinary,
middle-income savers.
Lower-income savers investing in vehicles that adopt the new rules will in future be taxed at their correct tax rate.
Currently, lower-income savers are taxed at 33 percent on their savings even though their correct rate may be 19.5
percent. This creates a significant tax disincentive for lower-income savers to use managed funds in order to have
access to a diversified range of investments. Those whose tax rate is 39 percent will continue to have their savings
taxed at 33 percent.
2. Capital gains on New Zealand and Australian shares held via a vehicle like a managed fund will no longer be taxed.
This will increase the gains for those who choose to invest in these types of vehicles and offset the advantage of those
who invest directly in NZ and Australian shares because they are only taxed on dividends. Both these measures put
managed funds on an equal footing with direct investors. It is especially important for encouraging people to save
through KiwiSaver.
3. Offshore investment. Currently, individuals who invest directly in one of the eight so-called “grey list” countries
will generally pay tax only on dividends. The problem is that many companies in "grey list" countries pay very little by
way of dividends so these investors are not paying a reasonable amount of tax.
This tax treatment advantages direct investors over other savers, such as ordinary lower and middle-income people who
use a managed fund and who may lack the wealth, financial sophistication, and confidence to invest offshore directly.
Managed funds are taxed on the funds' earnings.
The new rules will resolve the problem by requiring a reasonable level of tax to be paid by direct investors who have
substantial share portfolios outside Australia. This is not a full capital gains tax. The amount to be taxed will be
capped at 5 percent of the increase in value of the investment in any one year, not the full unrealised capital gain.
The increase in value will be limited to only 85 percent of the actual increase in value.
The current rules are also too harsh for investment outside the grey list, discouraging investment in other important
destinations such as many high growth Asian countries.
Taxation of investment income
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
New tax rules for people who save through qualifying collective investment vehicles
Q. Why is the government changing the tax rules for investment through managed funds?
A. The current tax rules on investment income operate very unevenly. They over-tax some investors, they favour
direct investment by individuals over investment through funds, and they favour investment in some countries over
others. They have a disproportionately negative effect on ordinary middle-income savers who invest via managed funds and
are often over-taxed as a result.
The government is changing the rules to right the imbalance.
Q. How will the changes affect me as an individual investor in a qualifying vehicle?
A. Savers in qualifying vehicles will be taxed on investment income at their tax rate (capped at 33%). This means
that people who have a 19.5% tax rate will be taxed on their savings at this rate, instead of 33% (which is the tax
rate, at present, for most of those who invest in managed funds).
Savers will also benefit from not being taxed on capital gains made on New Zealand and Australian companies, if
they invest in them through a qualifying vehicle. Currently, these gains are usually taxed if shares are held via a
managed fund but are not generally taxed if held directly. This creates a significant disadvantage to using managed
funds and other collective investment vehicles to invest in New Zealand and Australian companies.
Q. Do the new rules apply to all managed funds and investment vehicles?
A. No. The new rules are limited to managed funds and collective investment vehicles that meet certain criteria. To
qualify, a vehicle must be a genuine savings and investment entity because the purpose of these changes is to put
investment through intermediaries on a similar tax footing to that of direct investment. It is therefore important to
distinguish genuine investment and savings vehicles from other entities.
The new rules will be optional, meaning that all savings vehicles do not have to adopt them. However, those that
do will be able to offer their lower-income investors the benefits of being taxed at their correct tax rate, and the
benefit of tax-free capital gains on shares in New Zealand and Australian companies to all their investors. Savings
vehicles that do not adopt the new rules will continue to be taxed as they are at present.
Q. Why will the tax rate on investment income derived via a qualifying vehicle be capped at 33%?
A. The 33% cap is designed to encourage existing savers to continue to save and to encourage collective investment
vehicles to adopt the new rules. Currently, investments in certain collective investment vehicles, such as
superannuation funds, are taxed at a flat tax rate of 33%. This means that 39% tax rate investors are taxed at 33% on
their investment income. Taxing them at 39% might discourage them from investing through intermediaries. Capping the tax
rate on investment income earned through a qualifying vehicle at 33% should also make it easier for funds with a wide
range of investors to adopt the new rules, without advantaging some and disadvantaging others.
Q. What will investors through qualifying vehicles have to do under the new rules?
A. Savers on a 19.5% tax rate should provide this rate at the start of the year to the qualifying vehicle. Other
savers will generally not need to do anything. No individual savers will need to do anything else, such as file a tax
return for any investment income from a qualifying vehicle.
Q. How do savers determine their correct tax rate?
A. Lower-income savers will be able to elect a 19.5% tax rate if their total income (including income from
collective investment vehicles) in the previous year is $48,000 or less. Other savers will be taxed at 33%.
Q. Will the changes have any effect on savers’ entitlements to family assistance or on their student loan and child
support payment obligations?
A. No.
New tax rules for people who invest in offshore portfolio investment in shares
Q. Why do the offshore tax rules for portfolio investment in shares need to be changed?
A. There are a number of problems with the current tax rules for offshore portfolio investment in shares.
Currently, individuals who invest directly in a company resident in one of the eight so-called “grey list” countries
will generally pay tax only on dividends. On the other hand, if they invest in a “grey list” country via a New Zealand
managed fund they will typically be taxed on any realised capital gains on these investments.
This tax treatment advantages direct investors over other savers, such as ordinary lower and middle-income
people who use a managed fund and who may lack the wealth, financial sophistication, and confidence to invest offshore
directly. The new rules will resolve the problem by requiring a reasonable level of tax to be paid by direct investors
who have substantial share portfolios outside Australia. The current rules are also too harsh for investment outside the
grey list, discouraging investment in other important destinations.
Q. What will be the tax impact of the rules on individual direct investors?
A. Under the new rules, investors in Australian-resident listed companies will generally pay tax only on their
dividends (the same treatment that will be accorded to investors in qualifying collective investment vehicles).
Investors will be able to have investments outside Australia that cost NZD$50,000 or less in total ($100,000 per couple)
and continue to pay tax on dividends. For substantial share portfolios outside Australia, the “5% cap” method will
generally apply. This will mean that in most years, taxable income is limited to 5% of the investment’s value. (In most
cases less than 2% of the value of the investment would be payable in tax.)
For substantial portfolios that are now heavily weighted towards the “grey list”, individual direct investors are likely
to pay more tax under the new rules. For investments in non-“grey list” countries, investors will pay significantly less
tax than they do under the current foreign investment fund rules. This should encourage savers to look beyond New
Zealand’s traditional investment destinations to high-growth economies in Asia, Latin America and Europe.
Q. Why is a special case being made for investment in Australian companies?
A. There are three main reasons for treating investment in Australian-resident listed companies differently. First,
Australian companies pay out a high proportion of their earnings as dividends. (Dividend distribution is encouraged by
the Australian tax system.) Second, New Zealand has a closer economic relationship with Australia. Making a special case
for Australia will help to move the two countries closer towards a single market for the purposes of investment and is
therefore consistent with this relationship. Third, the New Zealand Inland Revenue Department has close contact with the
Australian Tax Office and the Australian Treasury, which should allow the tax authorities to close down any tax
loopholes that might arise. The proposed treatment for Australian companies reflects a simplification benefit – taxation
on dividends – rather than
a tax advantage.
Q. Will my compliance costs increase as a result of the new tax rules for offshore investments?
A. For most ordinary direct investors in offshore shares, the changes should not result in an increase in tax
compliance costs. For example, an investor with some Australian shares and a portfolio costing NZD$50,000 or less
outside Australia would continue to pay tax just on dividends. Investors with significant share portfolios outside
Australia would face some extra compliance costs under the “5% cap” method. The additional costs will arise because
investors will have to value their portfolio each year and keep track of carried forward amounts. It should be noted,
however, that many will already use an accountant to assist with their tax obligations.
A. What is the 5% cap?
Q. The 5% cap is the main income calculation method that individuals will use under the new tax rules if they have
a substantial portfolio in shares in companies outside Australasia. It will ensure that in most years the maximum income
that tax will be paid on is 5% of the investment’s value – it is not a 5% tax rate. In most years, the actual tax that
is paid will be no more than 2% of the investment’s value.
Q. Will any excess capital gains be taxed under the 5% cap method?
A. Yes. When the portfolio is sold and the proceeds brought back to New Zealand, 85% of the excess gains will be
taxed. This treatment brings the taxation of direct investment income closer to that of income from investments in
managed funds.
Q. Is this an offshore tax grab?
A. No. The government is giving up tax on Australian and non-grey list investments, and this broadly equals the
increased tax on grey list investments outside Australia. The offshore tax changes are therefore roughly revenue
neutral.
Q. Why is the government decreasing taxes onshore and increasing taxes offshore?
A. The government is not doing that. The new tax rules for offshore portfolio investment in shares raise no more
revenue than the current rules. Onshore, the government collects tax on New Zealand companies under comprehensive
company tax rules. The laws do not discourage payment of dividends meaning a reasonable dividend is usually paid. The
proposed rules attempt to collect a reasonable level of tax offshore, as the government already does from onshore
investments in New Zealand companies.
ENDS