20 December 2002 Media Statement
Ministerial Action Group on Alcohol and Drugs
Needle and syringe exchange programme saves lives
New Zealand’s needle and syringe exchange programme saves lives and $35 million in treatment costs and is limiting
problems associated with drug use, says Associate Minister of Health Jim Anderton.
An independent review of New Zealand's needle and syringe exchange scheme which has been in existence for 15 years, says
it has helped prevent 20 deaths from AIDS and more than 2000 cases of HIV/AIDS and Hepatitis C,” Associate Minister of
Health Jim Anderton announced today.
The review, carried out by the Centre for Harm Reduction in Melbourne, calculates that the scheme has saved New Zealand
more than $35 million in treatment costs since it was launched in 1987.
“This review very clearly states that New Zealand's needle and syringe exchange programme is both effective and
efficient, particularly with respect to prevention of HIV infections among injecting drug users,'' Jim Anderton said.
“While this Labour Progressive Government is against anyone using illegal drugs we need to ensure we are limiting the
number of people with HIV and Hepatitis C.
“This Labour Progressive Government Drug and Alcohol programme has three main objectives: reducing demand, enforcement
of the laws on illicit drugs, and treatment, all aimed at minimizing harm to individual New Zealanders and our
communities. The reason for the establishment of needle and syringe programmes was to reduce transmission of HIV and
Hepatitis C between people who inject drugs, therefore reducing the rate of infection for the entire community. We can
now say with certainty that this is being achieved,” said Jim Anderton.
The report said New Zealand has one of the lowest prevalences of HIV infection in injecting drug users among developed
nations. An estimated 15,000 to 26,000 people use the exchange programme in New Zealand every year.
“We also know there has been a gradual decline in the prevalence of needle-sharing among New Zealand injecting drug
users since the 1980s,'' Jim Anderton said.
“The most recent survey data shows a substantial reduction in the prevalence of sharing, from 50 percent to six per cent
earlier this year.
“While proving a direct link between the needle and syringe programme activities and behaviour is difficult, the clear
implication is that it has contributed to a reduction in needle-sharing among injecting drug users.''
One of the strongest recommendations in the report was to remove the anomaly of possession of injection equipment being
an offence under the Misuse of Drugs Act, while a defence exists under the Health (Needles and Syringes) Regulations
1998.
Jim Anderton said this was already a Ministry of Health work project and plans were in place to move towards a
legislative change as soon as possible.
The report can be viewed on the Ministry of Health's National Drug Policy website: www.ndp.govt.nz
The Ministerial Action Group on Alcohol and Drugs is responsible for the Government’s campaign to minimise harm caused
by alcohol and illicit drug use. The plan will focus on reducing demand, controlling supply and limiting problems
associated with alcohol and drug use. The Group includes Associate Health Minister, Jim Anderton; Justice Minister, Phil
Goff; Education Associate Minister, Lianne Dalziel; Police Minister, George Hawkins; Youth Affairs Minister, John
Tamihere; Customs Minister Rick Barker; and Health Associate Minister Damien O’Connor.
20 December 2002 Background
Ministerial Action Group on Alcohol and Drugs
Needle and syringe exchange programme information
Hepatitis C
An estimated 25,000 New Zealanders are infected with hepatitis C and this number is predicted to increase to more than
37,000 in the next 10 years.
Worldwide, the World Health Organization estimates 170 million individuals (about three percent of the world's
population) are infected with hepatitis C virus and between three and four million people are newly infected each year.
Unlike hepatitis B, there is currently no hepatitis C vaccine available and the development of an effective vaccine is
not imminent.
Hepatitis C, a viral infection of the liver, is a global health problem of significant clinical, personal and public
health importance.
Initially infection often occurs without symptoms. One in five people recover and the rest become chronically infected.
Chronic infection with hepatitis C can lead to years of ill health and reduced quality of life. Some people with chronic
infection are at risk of developing cirrhosis, cancer of the liver and liver failure.
Hepatitis C is primarily spread by blood-to-blood contact and in developed countries including New Zealand, the
injection of illicit drugs has become the single most important risk factor for acquiring the virus, accounting for
around 80 percent of infections.
The best health advice is that people should not inject illicit drugs, however, if people are already injecting drug
users, harm can be reduced by not sharing needles, syringes, and other injecting equipment and by attending needle and
syringe exchange outlets for sterile equipment and good advice.
For people already infected with hepatitis C, re-infection should be avoided and alcohol intake should be minimal. Also,
affected people should consider being immunised against hepatitis A and hepatitis B if they are already not immune to
these viruses.
Advice and information on hepatitis C can be sought from GPs, specialists, needle exchanges, and Hepatitis C Resource
Centres.
The Ministry of Health action plan has been developed to help address the New Zealand Health Strategy priority
population health objective: Minimising harm caused by alcohol and illicit and other drug use to individuals and the
community.
The Ministry of Health's action plan identifies priority areas for action at a national, regional and local level by
government agencies and at a local area by District Health Boards, service providers and others. It identifies policies
or programmes that can be delivered in the near future within existing resources, and those that will require extra
resources before they can be implemented.
The Ministry of Health also published Guidelines for the Safe Piercing of Skin (Ministry of Health 1998). These
guidelines provide a framework of minimum standards with respect to infection control in the body piercing and tattooing
industries, with a particular focus on protection of staff and clients from blood-borne viruses.
HIV/AIDS
Worldwide, the number of people with HIV/AIDS continues to grow, with an estimated 40 million people living with HIV.
AIDS has already killed about 20 million people, and the annual number of deaths continues to rise. Last year alone,
three million people died from AIDS and another 68 million people are estimated to die from AIDS by the year 2020.
Efforts to control the spread of HIV among men who have sex with men have had some success in New Zealand, but there are
also other vulnerable groups. These include injecting drug users, sex workers, and migrants from areas where HIV
prevalence is high.
Latest New Zealand figures show that up until 30 September, 770 people were notified as having AIDS.
During the third quarter of 2002, the AIDS Epidemiology Group received five notifications of people with AIDS -- three
men and two women. In the same period, 22 people -- 15 males and seven females -- were found to be infected with HIV.
This brings the total number of people found to be infected with HIV in New Zealand to 1849. The total number who have
died from AIDS is 583 (558 males and 25 females).
The largest annual number of people with AIDS diagnosed in New Zealand was in 1989 and 1990. Since that time the annual
number of diagnoses has declined, with the year 2000 registering the lowest number of notifications since 1986. The fall
since 1996 is likely to be mainly due to the introduction of new treatments that delay the progression of HIV infection.
HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. The virus attacks the immune system, the very part of the body that defends
us during infections.
Initially, the body puts up a strong fight against HIV and drugs that attack the virus lead to many years of healthy
life. This is why someone infected with HIV may look and feel well for years before becoming sick.
AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. It is a syndrome (a group of illnesses or conditions) resulting
from a weakened (or deficient) immune system. Someone with HIV only develops AIDS after years of living with HIV, when
the virus has destroyed much of the immune system. Someone with AIDS typically dies of diseases such as forms of
pneumonia or cancer, which the person's weakened immune system cannot fight. These diseases are known as opportunistic
infections.
HIV can be detected in the body by having an antibody test, which detects the presence of antibodies produced by the
body in response to HIV. You are
``HIV-Positive'' if you have these antibodies in your blood. But these antibodies do not appear until two weeks -- or in
some cases a few months --
after infection, a period known as the ``window period''. The tests for HIV infection are available from your general
practitioner, local sexual
health centre or from sexual health centres run by the AIDS Foundation. All consultations and testing results are
confidential.
There may not be any signs or symptoms of HIV infection for years. Some people have flu-like symptoms about two to six
weeks after infection, which
last for a few days. Others show no signs at all until the immune system becomes weak and damaged several years later.
HIV can be transmitted through blood, semen, vaginal fluids and breastmilk. It can also be transmitted through blood
transfusions, unprotected anal
sex and pregnancy. There are no cases of HIV being transmitted by saliva or tears, but theoretically, it is possible to
become infected through oral
sex, particularly if there are open sores or bleeding gums. The risk of contracting HIV from sexual intercourse becomes
much higher in the presence of
genital ulcers from sexually transmitted infections. Condoms are recommended to prevent sexual transmission.
Antiretroviral drugs are available for people with HIV infection. They are started when the virus's effects on the
immune system is apparent on a
blood test. People with the infection remain well for many years before needing drug therapy.
For more information, go to www.moh.govt.nz/aids.html
Questions and Answers
Why have a needle exchange programme?
The sharing of needles and syringes is one of the most effective methods of transmitting HIV and the Hepatitis B and C
viruses. The Needle Exchange Programme (NSEP) was set up to minimise the spread of HIV and other blood-borne disease.
The NSEP, while not condoning the use of illegal drugs, accepts that drug use continues to occur despite its legal
prohibitions.
The NSEP is based on a rationale of harm minimisation. This rationale includes the following:
- despite drug education and treatment programmes many individuals will choose to inject illicit and licit drugs for
varying periods of time;
- people must be provided with knowledge and skills necessary to make informed choices about risk behaviours;
- the wider, non drug-using community faces a greater danger from the wider spread of HIV and hepatitis infections than
it does from the effects of drug use itself.
What does the Needle Exchange Programme do?
The NSEP has three elements:
- providing information on risks and disease prevention to accompany the needle exchange sales;
- new needles and syringes are sold to drug users as a regulated commercial activity;
- used needles and syringes, which are returned to outlets for destruction, are collected and destroyed.
When did needle exchange begin in New Zealand?
Needle exchange became possible in New Zealand through the introduction of the Health (Needles and Syringes) Regulations
1987 (later replaced by the Health (Needles and Syringes) Regulations 1998). The regulations allow for the sale of
needles and syringes to injecting drug users. The programme allows pharmacists, medical practitioners and other
authorised representatives to provide clean needles and syringes.
The possession of injecting equipment was not decriminalised at the same time. However, the regulations provide a
defence against charges under the
Misuse of Drugs Act. The Ministry recommends a change to the Misuse of Drugs Act to remove the offence of possession of
needles and syringes legally
obtained through NSEP.
Where can needles be bought and exchanged?
The Director-General of Health is responsible for licensing people to offer needle exchange services.
There were 12 dedicated Needle Exchanges operating in New Zealand in May 2002. Needle Exchanges offer a complete range
of needles and syringes, as
well as a range of accessories such as sterile water, swabs and safer sex supplies.
In most areas of the country needle exchange services are also provided by local pharmacies. In May 2002 there were 185
pharmacies offering the service. Pharmacies can offer needle exchange services at two levels. Level two outlets are
higher volume pharmacies with strong demand for needle exchange services, and usually stock four or five of the more
popular types of needles and syringes. Level one outlets sell only one type of needle and syringe. All pharmacies are
required to either sell needles and syringes or direct customers to where they can obtain them. Where local pharmacists
are opposed to offering needle exchange services, other venues such as sexual health clinics are used. Additionally, all
offices of the New Zealand Prostitutes Collective offer needle exchange services.
There are currently two electronic dispensing machines in operation, one at the Auckland needle exchange and one at the
Christchurch needle exchange.
The machines offer needle exchange service after the normal opening hours of the exchange and extend the service to 24
hours. Both machines use a different pin number to prevent use by children.
How much does it cost?
Outlets that offer needles exchange services are free to charge what they like for the service and to set up whatever
discount incentives they feel appropriate to encourage the return of used injection equipment. Generally, prices at
dedicated needle exchanges are lower than those at other outlets since it is their main business. As a guide, most users
can expect to pay around $1 per needle and syringe at most outlets.
How many needles and syringes are bought and exchanged each year?
Needle exchange sales grew rapidly between 1994 and 2000. This trend has had a marked effect in decreasing the reuse and
sharing of needles and syringes. The increase is thought to be due to an increasing awareness within the drug using
community of hepatitis C infection levels, and the dangers of re-using equipment. In 2001 there were just over one
million sales of needles and syringes.
Why was the needle exchange programme reviewed?
The aim of the review was to see whether the NSEP is working in the most effective and efficient way possible within the
available resources.
What did the review of the needle exchange programme say?
Needle and syringe programmes worldwide are effective in reducing prevalence and/or incidence of HIV infection and other
blood-borne diseases in
injecting drug users.
New Zealand has one of the lowest prevalences of HIV infection in intravenous drug users. It is estimated that had the
NSEP not been introduced, by
the end of 2001 New Zealand would have additional people living with hepatitis C, another 1031 people living with
HIV/AIDS and an extra 20 people
would have died following an HIV infection.
Survey data shows a substantial reduction in prevalence of needle sharing from 50 percent in 1994 to six percent in
2002.
What did the review recommended?
The review made 16 recommendations. They are:
- That the effectiveness and efficiency of New Zealand's NSEP be acknowledged;
- That New Zealand's government and community recognise the vital role of the NSEP in preventing HIV infections;
- That consideration be given to opening a second peer-based Needle Exchange (NE) in Auckland, to bring per-capita
service coverage closer to the level which exists elsewhere in New Zealand;
- That consideration be given to improving NSEP coverage on the South Island's west coast and Southland by opening
branch NEs and/or upgrading and expanding existing pharmacy outlets;
- That consideration be given to increasing the reach of the NSEP by enabling and/or encouraging the provision of needle
exchange services through existing health service infrastructure, such as Community Health Centres and Sexual Health
clinics;
- That consideration be given to expanding the use of electronic dispensers at NEs to provide after-hours exchange
services;
- That the costs and benefits that would result from the introduction of free one-for-one (new for old) needle and
syringe exchange in New Zealand be formally investigated;
- That the crucial role of NE volunteers in New Zealand's NSEP be affirmed, and that any resolution of the
"reimbursement problem" must not jeopardise volunteers' input to the programme;
- That New Zealand's parliament approve the proposed amendment to the Misuse of Drugs Act which would remove the offence
of possession of needles and syringes legally obtained through the NSEP;
- That the (perceived) problems of pharmacy staff attitudes towards needle exchange clients be addressed in a systematic
way by the Ministry of Health, NENZ and the Pharmacy Guild; research into pharmacy exchange users' perceptions of
service would be a useful first step;
That the Pharmaceutical Society provide NEST with details of pharmacy closures, openings, and changes of ownership on a
monthly basis;
While return of used needles and syringes to NEs or pharmacies for destruction should remain first priority, NEs should
address the issue of disposal of needles and syringes, by means other than return to NEs or pharmacies, in their IDU
education activities in order to reduce visibility of needles and syringes in public places and risk of needlestick
injury;
That training modules for pharmacy staff be developed by NENZ and NEST in consultation with the Pharmacy Guild and
Pharmaceutical Society, promoted
by them, and delivered by NEST staff;
That GP training in New Zealand include a component on aspects of illicit drug use, including the NSEP (its rationale
and operation) and methadone
maintenance programmes;
That the Ministry of Health liaise with the NZMA about encouraging GPs to work with their local NE to provide improved
access to testing,
counselling and primary healthcare services;
That basic training for NZ police include a short session on New Zealand's harm minimisation policy and the NSEP. NENZ
should liaise with police
to achieve this goal.
What next as a result of the review?
The Ministry is currently proposing an amendment to the Misuse of Drugs Act to remove the anomaly of the offence of
possession of needles and syringes;
The Ministry is considering the findings of the review and will facilitate and act towards implementing the review's
recommendations, as appropriate, in consultation with other relevant organisations.
ENDS