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DEFU 2000 - Summary of the Treasury's Economic and Fiscal Forecasts
This summary sets out the economic and fiscal outlook for the next five years. Risks to the outlook may lead to a change
in the growth path. Scenarios for higher and lower growth compared to the Central forecast illustrate this.
The Economic Outlook
Weak growth in the near term is followed by solid export-led expansion further out
The observed softening in business and consumer confidence, together with the generally weaker domestic activity over
the first half of this year, suggest reasonably subdued growth in 2001. Annual average growth is expected to be 2.2% in
the year to March 2001.
Growth peaks at 3.7% in 2002 reflecting a strong external sector contribution on the back of robust world growth and
supportive monetary conditions. Thereafter, we expect a slowing in activity back to a growth rate of 2.8%, reflecting a
softening in global growth and a modest tightening in monetary conditions.
NZ's main trading partners are expected to grow by 4.5% in calendar 2000, following an increase of 3.7% in 1999, before
easing back to 3.5% growth in 2001. This sets the scene for strong growth in non-commodity manufactured goods and
services exports over the forecast horizon. The recent decline in the exchange rate, together with robust international
conditions, is expected to further assist commodity exporters.
This leads to a substantial improvement in the current account deficit, forecast to decrease steadily from 7.2% of GDP
in June 2000 to a forecast 3.1% by March 2005.
Strong export growth, and a return in confidence due to the upturn in activity is also expected to lift investment over
the calendar 2001 year, as deferred investment spending is implemented.
Modest tightening in the labour market with consumption remaining restrained
The labour market tightens modestly with the unemployment rate easing to 5.7% by the end of the forecast period. Higher
participation rates are expected to offset much of the steady employment growth.
Household expenditure growth is expected to remain subdued over the short term due to high consumer debt levels, minimal
wealth gains from weak housing market activity, modest employment growth and rising retail prices.
Short-term inflationary pressures continue to build but a modest tightening in monetary conditions keeps the economy on
a sustainable growth path
Higher oil prices and rising import costs due to the weaker currency results in a build-up in short-term inflationary
pressures. CPI inflation is expected to peak at 3.8% in June 2001. Over the forecast period, inflationary pressures
emerging from a forecast rise in wages and firms' margins are tempered by a decline in oil prices and tightening
monetary conditions.
A moderate tightening in monetary conditions is expected through a modest increase in interest rates to a peak of 7.25%
and an appreciation in the TWI.
The Fiscal Outlook
The operating balance rises steadily over the forecast horizon
The forecast 2000/01 operating balance ($765 million or 0.7% of GDP) has declined from the previous year. This reflects
both expense growth outstripping tax revenue growth in 2000/01, and the previous year's operating balance being boosted
by a positive ACC liability revaluation.
Tax revenue grows at 5% in 2000/01 before peaking at around 7% in 2001/02, as nominal GDP growth peaks.
Expense growth at 5.4% in 2000/01 is the result of demand-driven factors, the implementation of the Government's policy
programme (with the full impact of the decisions such as the increase in the NZS wage floor being felt) and the impact
of GSF liability valuation movements. Expense growth slows in 2001/02 due to a smaller Budget 2001 package and the
assumed reversal of the impact of GSF valuation movements.
From 2002/03, tax revenue growth averages around 5% each year. Expense growth slows to around 3% each year, reflecting
smaller allowances for new policy initiatives.
The structural operating balance trend increases throughout the forecast horizon.
The surplus cash is applied to investments
The rising operating surplus generates just over $14 billion in cash over the forecast period for investing and debt
repayment.
Investment claims more than account for these cash flows. These claims include building NZS Fund assets, purchase of
physical assets and funding student loans.
As a result, gross debt rises slightly over the forecast period in nominal terms.
Net debt declines, both in nominal terms and as a percentage of GDP to 15.8% by 2004/05.
Operating balance forecasts have not changed substantially from the Budget
Changes to the operating balance are relatively small and driven mainly by the macroeconomic forecasts. The Government's
policy settings have not been changed since the Budget Update.
The weaker economic forecast for 2000/01 results in reduced taxation revenue, which is recovered in later years.
Other factors impacting on the operating balance since the Budget Update include:
higher benefit forecasts, reflecting higher CPI forecasts
higher net finance costs from 2002/03 due to higher debt levels.
Gross debt increases from Budget forecast
Compared to the Budget Update, gross debt is higher on average.
The increase reflects:
advances to hospitals refinancing their private sector debt
the exchange rate depreciation
an increase to the capital provision.
Net debt ($ and % of GDP) is slightly higher on average in all years, compared to Budget forecasts. This reflects the
increase to the capital provisions.
Risks and Scenarios
There are a number of risks surrounding the economic and fiscal forecasts. If events were to develop differently from
those embodied in the Central Forecast, then the GDP growth path that emerges could look quite different. This, in turn,
would lead to different fiscal outcomes, because differences in the outlook for the economy alter the outlook for tax
revenue and expenditure.
An example of a downside risk is the possibility of confidence remaining weak for a more prolonged period of time - with
this feeding into economic activity - combined with world growth slowing more sharply than assumed.
Conversely, the recovery in economic activity could be faster and stronger, as the export stimulus flows more quickly
into the rest of the economy. This could occur in conjunction with more muted second-round effects following the current
inflation spike. Furthermore, the economy could exhibit stronger labour productivity growth during the upswing of the
economic cycle.
The impact on the operating balance of these scenarios is shown in the table below.
Table 1 - Alternative scenarios: Operating balance
Operating Balance
($ billion, June years) 1999/00
Actual 2000/01
Forecast 2001/02
Forecast 2002/03
Forecast 2003/04
Forecast 2004/05
Forecast
Central Forecast 1.4 0.8 2.2 2.8 3.6 4.5
Weaker Domestic Demand and World Growth 1.4 0.5 1.7 1.5 2.3 3.8
Stronger Economic Recovery 1.4 1.2 3.3 4.0 4.7 5.4
Sources: Statistics New Zealand, The Treasury