Hon. Tariana Turia
Associate Minister of Maori Affairs
Lecture Notes
Closing The Gaps & Capacity Building
07 June 2000
8.30am
Te Puawänanga Ki Te Ao
(Masters Class)
Waikato University
HAMILTON
Tena koutou katoa i runga i nga ähuatanga o tenei ra.
It is my great pleasure to be speaking to a Class in Development Studies within Te Pua Wänanga ki te Ao. I am especially
heartened by the opportunity to focus on development and, therefore, capability rather than deficiencies.
The history of whänau, hapü and iwi and the Mäori race generally is full of examples of our people’s predisposition to
development. One could go right back to our origins, when Täne separated Rangi (the sky father) and Papa (the earth
mother), he did so to allow light, enlightenment and energy into this dark world. So in the process of creating a ‘gap’
he was also closing others, however, it is worth remembering that this did not happen without a certain amount of
conflict and dissent. Our ancestors’ adoption of technology as a tool for future development is one example. Our
people’s pre-occupation with building upon our own structures, institutions and processes to keep pace with the
pressures and consequences of development, is another.
In recent times, we have become obsessive about the needs our people have, all too often at the expense of their dreams
and aspirations. Yet, for me, development is about finding ways to fulfil dreams. It is not about deciding whether to
dream or not. However, when people are deprived, alienated and disaffected to the extent that our people have been, they
tend not to have dreams.
This Government accepts the Treaty of Waitangi as New Zealand’s founding document and as the basis of constitutional
Government in this country.
By signing that Treaty, the Crown guaranteed the rights of hapü and undertook to protect them. The Crown also recognised
Mäori as co-signatories under the Articles of the Treaty. This Government is committed to fulfilling its obligations as
a Treaty partner to support self-determination for whänau, hapü and iwi.
The current strategy for Mäori development was not effective and the Crown, under the Treaty of Waitangi, had a
responsibility to ensure Mäori progressed in the same way as other people in New Zealand. That hasn’t happened, so
there’s a lot of work to do and for the first time, I think, we do have a Government that is committed to saying ‘look
we don’t have all the answers for indigenous peoples in this country’.
Around the world it’s been shown that indigenous peoples progress at a far greater rate when they are in control of
their own development, and this is really what we are committed to doing. Mäori communities must be involved at all
levels in developing solutions.
Mäori people are ambitious people, and we have had to face many challenges to ensure we survived as a visible presence
in Aotearoa. Even though our presence is explicit and enduring, we still face the challenges posed by our rates of
unemployment, low educational achievement levels, health status, crime rates and so on. At the same time, we have the
dreams (passed on by our tüpuna) that we want to fulfil. The question is how can we deal with both these challenges at
the same time?
I am part of a Government that has a clear view about this.
We have recognised a number of things, and they are reflected in our Mäori Affairs policy that is underpinned by:
The Treaty of Waitangi
Mäori development
Capacity building
Closing the socio-economic gaps between Mäori and non-Mäori
and, Tracking expenditure on Mäori outcomes.
The Government expects all five elements to be reflected in the activities of government departments. My particular
expectation of departments is that they will:
Uphold the Treaty of Waitangi as the primary factor in the relationship between the Crown and whänau, hapü and iwi
Actively support the rangatiratanga of tangata whenua in managing and controlling their own development
Aid, sponsor and resource capacity building as a developmental process
Make a concerted effort to close the gaps between Mäori and non-Mäori
and, Ensure their respective contributions to Mäori outcomes can be tracked and measured.
Clearly, all of these elements are important in themselves as well as collectively. However, today I hope to clarify, as
much as I can, what we consider the relationship is between the Government’s strategies and Mäori development, since I
think this is likely to be of the greatest significance to you.
To do this, I will cover issues around the Closing the Gaps and Capacity Building policies:
1. People are the most significant resource we have, and the socio-economic gaps between Mäori and non-Mäori are
unsustainable. Therefore, we need to address the socio-economic disparities they endure. Hence our Closing the Gaps
policy.
2. Mäori want to manage and control their own development, and they should be supported by the Government to do so.
Therefore, we have also developed a Capacity Building policy.
A Closing the Gaps Strategy for Te Puni Kökiri
Te Puni Kökiri’s mandate to report on its analysis of Mäori outcomes in education, health, employment and training and
economic resource development, comes from both the Ministry of Mäori Development Act and from Cabinet.
The Ministry of Mäori Development Act 1991 requires Te Puni Kökiri:
to monitor and liaise with each department and agency that provides or has a responsibility to provide services to or
for Mäori for the purpose of ensuring the adequacy of those services.
[section 5 (1) (b)]
In 1995, Cabinet agreed that Te Puni Kökiri should not only analyse Mäori outcomes, but also communicate these results
to iwi, hapü and Mäori.
To do this, Te Puni Kökiri, in 1998, released the report entitled Progress Towards Closing the Social and Economic Gaps
Between Mäori and non-Mäori.
The Report drew on data from across the key sectors in the Act, and provided a benchmark to assess progress in reducing
disparities between Mäori and non-Mäori. Until then, it had been difficult to assess the overall social and economic
position of Mäori, or to gauge whether or not improvements had occurred across the relevant sectors.
The content will evolve over time as more data on Mäori outcomes becomes available, existing indicators are refined and
new indicators are developed. The coverage of the report will be expanded to include other aspects of Mäori social and
economic well being.
The Closing the Gaps Reports
The 1998 Report acted as a benchmark against which the Government could measure progress towards achieving the strategic
objective for Mäori development.
The report used key statistical indicators to assess changes in the education, employment, economic and health status of
Mäori. It was based on data collected by state sector agencies, either through their administrative data collections or
through regular surveys. The Closing the Gaps report pulled together historical data across each of the key sectors and
provided an assessment of progress made over time.
The findings presented in the report were not new. There was no denying that Mäori had experienced and continue to
experience poorer educational outcomes, higher unemployment, lower income levels, lower rates of home ownership, and
poorer health than non-Mäori. However, up until the Closing the Gaps report, it was difficult, if not impossible, to
assess whether disparities were improving or getting worse.
The indicators used in the Closing the Gaps report were chosen because time series, or longer term, data was available
for them and because they represented areas of importance where considerable disparities were seen to exist. While they
provided only a partial picture of the social and economic position of Mäori, a narrowing of disparities in these areas
would have signalled an improvement in the status of Mäori within the particular sector.
Key findings of the Closing the Gaps 1998 report
A striking feature of Mäori education status over the decade prior to the report was the increased participation of
Mäori at all levels of the education system. By comparison, the labour force status of Mäori deteriorated as a result of
the economic restructuring of the 1980s, which also resulted in severe job losses for Mäori.
In terms of economic status, levels of Mäori self-employment and household incomes increased over the 1990s. However,
housing became less affordable and Mäori were still more reliant on social welfare assistance than non-Mäori.
Although the 1990s saw continued improvements in Mäori life expectancy and declines in the infant mortality rate, Mäori
health for almost every other indicator (e.g. cancer incidence, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and pneumonia) presented in
the Closing the Gaps 1998 report deteriorated.
Overall, the report findings indicated that the gaps between Mäori and non-Mäori education, employment, economic and
health status were significant, and were either stabilised or widening.
Key Findings of the Closing the Gaps Report, 2000
All of the indicators in the report show that there is considerable disparity between Mäori and non-Mäori.
The report demonstrates that Mäori continue to experience:
poorer health status
lower income levels
higher unemployment
higher rates of prosecution and conviction
attain fewer educational qualifications
lower rates of living in owned homes than non-Mäori.
Overall, there have been few reductions in disparity since the last Closing the Gaps report, and in those areas where
Mäori rates have been improving, corresponding improvements in the status of non-Mäori mean that disparities between
Mäori and non-Mäori are not closing.
Poorer outcomes for Mäori are evident from the start of life:
Mäori infants are more likely to die than non-Mäori infants
Mäori children are less likely than non-Mäori to be participating in early childhood education, an area that is
important for future educational development.
Disparities continue to exist throughout childhood and young adulthood
Mäori are leaving secondary school with much lower levels of qualifications than non-Mäori
majority of young Mäori are leaving school with qualification levels that will disadvantage them when attempting to
gain access to quality post school education and employment
Mäori youth are less likely to move directly into tertiary education than non-Mäori, and are far less likely to be
participating in formal tertiary education
Mäori are over represented in second chance schemes, such as the Training Opportunities Programme (TOPs).
There are significant disparities between Mäori and non-Mäori social and economic status throughout adulthood
Mäori unemployment and long term unemployment rates continue to be significantly higher than for non-Mäori
Mäori are also less likely to be participating in the labour force
Mäori incomes are lower than those for non-Mäori
Mäori are more likely to require government assistance or to be totally dependent on a benefit
This impacts on Mäori access to adequate housing, Mäori health status, and contributes to the much higher offending
and victimisation rates within the Mäori community.
So What is the Government’s Closing the Gaps Policy?
The gaps between Mäori and non-Mäori are especially apparent in areas such as housing conditions and home ownership,
educational achievement, rates and periods of unemployment, health status, numbers of prison inmates and children and
young persons in need of care, protection and control.
This Government has agreed it will work to close those gaps because they have an impact not just on Mäori people’s
ability to participate in all aspects of the life of New Zealand, but also on their ability to manage and control their
own development. So the Government’s priority sectors for closing the gaps are health, housing, education, employment,
justice, welfare and business and enterprise development.
The closing the gaps policy provides the Government with further impetus to focus its attention on its own departments,
strategies and systems, to produce positive results for Mäori. The Government expects its departments to improve their
contributions to make a positive difference to the health, housing, education, employment, justice, welfare and business
and enterprise outcomes for Mäori. In my view, this suggests departments will need to be responsive to the needs,
interests and priorities of Mäori.
It also suggests, to me, that departments will have to be more rigorous in the development and implementation of their
strategies, policies, programmes and services in terms of whether they work well for Mäori.
Closing the Gaps means there is even more reason for departments to engage with whänau, hapü, iwi and Mäori
organisations to deliver specified services to Mäori communities. However, it is a ‘needs-focused’ policy through which
Mäori are treated as clients.
Iwi have a number of qualities that can enhance the ability of Government to meet its stated commitment to closing the
gaps and support whänau, hapü and iwi self-determination through effecting a Treaty-based partnership.
For Mäori, the main point of the closing the gaps policy is to ensure Mäori are not prevented from having the best
possible chance to lead, manage and control their own development. Until now, the disparities between Mäori and
non-Mäori have had the potential to be seen as a record of the failings of Mäori people. This is neither sustainable nor
appropriate. Closing the Gaps does signal, however, how much of the Government’s authority, expertise and resources need
to be brought to bear to make a substantial difference to socio-economic outcomes for Mäori.
The ‘effectiveness audit’ of spending on Mäori across government departments would not be completed in time for the
June 15 budget, so it was not possible to take funding from those departments for the new strategy. Extra funds would be
injected into the Budget.
I am confident the Budget will show the Government’s commitment to closing the gaps in social and economic development
between Mäori and Pakeha.
Capacity building is only part of the process. It’s an important part and certainly I expect it to be funded so that
over the next 2½ years we are going to see iwi organisations and Maori organisations in other settings being able to
take up this challenge.
And what is capacity-building?
Capacity-building is a sign that the Government considers whänau, hapü, iwi and Mäori generally have a unique part to
play in creating an environment in which Mäori will realise their economic, political, social and cultural aspirations.
Capacity-building focuses on enhancing capabilities so Mäori become the managers and controllers of their own
development.
This means capacity-building should be an empowering process whereby Mäori have the chance to continue to drive,
formulate and implement their own development strategies.
Some iwi have completed a ‘stocktake’ of the needs for their hapü, which would help the iwi to establish what sort of
services and skills are needed.
The next step would be to produce a development plan which would go to the relevant Crown Agency that held the resources
that were needed. It would then be up to Te Puni Kokiri to monitor how Government Agencies responded to those plans.
An example of capacity building at a micro level would be early intervention in a family suffering from domestic
violence. The downstream effects of that violence were inhibiting the woman in that family from being able to care for
her children properly, and meant the children were living in an environment that had an impact on their learning. So
more serious problems for the family were likely further down the line unless intervention took place.
Under the capacity building strategy, a whanau worker might go in, sit down with the family and establish what could be
done, and to ensure that it was done.
The same goes for other social services, and in considering current practices one may well ask:
Do people want to continue to have children taken away from their families and placed in care? Some of these placements
cost $110,000 a year for one child.
Do they want that to continue because that’s the system we’ve got in place?
Do they want to see youth prisons being built? With a cost of around $50,000 a year for people to be kept in prison.
I mean, where do we intervene? Where do we actually stop and say we want to intervene to make a difference?
There are some iwi and Maori organisations that could pick up the strategy immediately and start work, because they
already have experience running their own social services.
Capacity-building is envisaged by the Government to be a process which supports the rangatiratanga of whänau, hapü and
iwi.
It also includes whänau, hapü, iwi, Mäori organisations and Mäori communities’:
Assessing their current capacity, identifying and prioritising needs
Creating development plans
Enhancing the skills and capabilities of their people
and, Implementing their development plans.
Government’s role in capacity-building is to:
Fund or purchase capacity-building initiatives
Develop and/or provide resources (such as policy, information, advice, programmes and services)
and, Support the ongoing development of capability amongst whänau, hapü, iwi, Mäori organisations and Mäori
communities.
Capacity building will take all the entrepreneurial skill and task-focused aptitude of Mäori people, because it requires
them to be focused on capability and not on needs and deficiencies. Our people will also need people like you to help
and support them in their endeavours.
Development and, therefore, capacity building, is not a nebulous process for which the results are invisible. Indeed, it
is a process the results of which can be seen on our people’s faces, and is evident in their hearts and minds.
Development is a changing and evolving process. It should never be treated as static. Nor should the mechanisms and
processes by which it is achieved.
The policy is about enabling those groups to build their own strategies, systems, structures and skills so that they can
move forward.
It is about building a capacity that supports active iwi participation in strategies to alleviate the disparities
between Mäori and non-Mäori and facilitate whänau, hapü and iwi development.
It might cost some money up front to deal with all of those issues, but in the end it should, in the long term, save
considerable money, because as people build more skills, and families are able to identify what their own needs are, and
to have their needs addressed.
It should result in people being able to take charge of their own lives and their own situation.
A community development approach to the reduction of disparities requires that opportunity be provided for communities
to respond to their own needs and preferences. This is critical in Mäori development. Old service delivery mechanisms
based on a centralised model of planning will not produce the kinds of results the Government wants. They will certainly
not lead to the self-determination of whänau, hapü and iwi.
The resources for the strategy would also be on top of current government contracts for iwi and urban Maori
organisations to deliver social services.
There are some iwi and Maori organisations that could pick up the strategy immediately and start work, because they
already had experience running social services.
Under-resourcing and inappropriate contracting processes have lead to ad hoc development with the priorities of
government agencies taking centre stage. This type of scenario must be avoided at all costs if the Government is sincere
in wanting to advance self-determination for whänau, hapü and iwi. Centralised control will not lead to this.
Cabinet has signed off the funding for the ‘capacity building’ policy, which will see hapü, iwi and other Mäori
organisations around the country producing their own community development plans that will eventually go to Government
agencies for funding.
The alternative is for taxpayers to continue to fork out massive amounts of money in crisis-point interventions, dealing
with Mäori who fell through the cracks in existing government programmes and services.
I am really hopeful that by combining the resources of the Government with the hearts and minds of our people, we can
truly make the progress we need to make and fulfil the dreams we have always had.
It’s a huge task. It’s a mammoth task but its necessary if we are going to ‘make a difference’.
No reira, ma te wä pea ka kitea tatou he huarahi pai, hei häpainga, hei whakakaha i tena whänau, i tena hapü, i tena iwi
ranei.
Kia ora mai tatou.