Secret "Torture Memo" Gave Legal Cover to Interrogators Who Acted in "Good Faith"
A Justice Department legal opinion issued in August 2002 advised the CIA that its interrogators would not be prosecuted for violating anti-torture laws as
long as they acted in “good faith” while using brutal techniques to obtain information from suspected terrorists,
according to a previously undisclosed memo released publicly Thursday.
The closely guarded Aug. 1, 2002 memo provided the Bush administration with the legal framework to use “alternative
interrogation methods” against suspected terrorists captured in the war on terror.
The heavily redacted document, obtained by the American Civil Liberties Union under a Freedom of Information Act
request, was signed by then Assistant Attorney General Jay Bybee and specifically outlined approved methods the CIA
could use, such as waterboarding, during interrogations. Waterboarding has been regarded as torture since the days of
the Spanish Inquisition.
“To validate the statute, an individual must have the specific intent to inflict severe pain or suffering," the Aug. 1,
2002 memo says. "Because specific intent is an element of the offense, the absence of specific intent negates the charge
of torture.”
The Bybee memo was written by John Yoo, a former deputy attorney general at the OLC. It is one of two legal opinions
written in August 2002 about CIA interrogation methods. Both memos were later rescinded.
The Aug. 1, 2002 legal opinion was based on a statute governing health benefits when he provided the White House with a
legal opinion defining torture, according to a former Justice Department official.
Yoo's legal opinion stated that unless the amount of pain administered to a detainee results in injury "such as death,
organ failure, or serious impairment of body functions" than the interrogation technique could not be defined as
torture.
Waterboarding, a brutal and painful technique in which a prisoner believes he is drowning, Yoo wrote, therefore was not
considered to be torture.
"That statute defined an ‘emergency medical condition’ that warranted certain health benefits as a condition
‘manifesting itself by acute symptoms of sufficient severity (including severe pain)’ such that the absence of immediate
medical care might reasonably be thought to result in death, organ failure, or impairment of bodily function," Jack
Goldsmith, the former head of OLC, wrote in his book, The Terror Presidency
"The health benefits statute's use of ‘severe pain’ had no relationship whatsoever to the torture statute. And even if
it did, the health benefit statute did not define ‘severe pain.’ Rather it used the term ‘severe pain’ as a sign of an
emergency medical condition that, if not treated, might cause organ failure and the like.... OLC’s clumsily definitional
arbitrage didn't seem even in the ballpark."
Yoo, who now teaches at the University of California at Berkeley, also drafted a March 14, 2003 document, nearly
identical to the August 2002 memo he authored, that essentially provided military interrogators with legal cover if they
resorted to brutal and violent methods to extract information from prisoners. The ACLU under a FOIA request also
obtained that document earlier this year.
"If a government defendant were to harm an enemy combatant during an interrogation in a manner that might arguably
violate a criminal prohibition, he would be doing so in order to prevent further attacks on the United States by the
al-Qaeda terrorist network," Yoo wrote in the March 14, 2003 opinion.
"In that case, we believe that he could argue that the Executive Branch's constitutional authority to protect the nation
from attack justified his actions."
The Justice Department's Office of Professional Responsibility (OPR) launched a formal investigation to determine
whether agency attorneys, including Yoo and Bybee, provided the White House with poor legal advice when it drafted the
legal opinions. In a Feb. 18, letter sent to Sen. Dick Durbin, the Illinois Democrat who requested the probe, H.
Marshall Jarrett, the head of OPR, said his office intends to question Yoo, and his former boss, Jay Bybee, the former
head of OLC, now a federal appeals court judge in San Francisco, who signed the “torture memo.”
"Among other issues, we are examining whether the legal advice contained in those memoranda was consistent with the
professional standards that apply to Department of Justice attorneys," Jarrett's letter says, adding that his office may
release the findings of the investigation publicly.
The Aug. 1, 2002 memo was prepared the same month the CIA moved to employ a more extreme form of interrogation against
al-Qaeda operative Abu Zubaydah.
"The CIA was seeking to determine the legal limits of interrogation practices for use in cases like that of Abu
Zubaydah, the Qaeda lieutenant who was captured in March 2002," according to a Jan. 29, 2005 New York Times article.
The Abu Zubaydah case was the first time that waterboarding was used against a prisoner in the “war on terror,”
according to Pentagon and Justice Department documents, news reports and several books written about the Bush
administration’s interrogation methods.
In The One Percent Doctrine, author Ron Suskind reported that President George W. Bush had become obsessed with Zubaydah
and the information he might have about pending terrorist plots against the United States.
"Bush was fixated on how to get Zubaydah to tell us the truth," Suskind wrote. Bush questioned one CIA briefer, "Do some
of these harsh methods really work?"
The waterboarding of Abu Zubaydah was videotaped, but that record was destroyed in November 2005 after the Washington
Post published a story that exposed the CIA's use of so-called "black site" prisons overseas to interrogate terror
suspects.
The interrogation techniques were derived from the Army and Air Force’s Survival, Evasion, Rescue, and Escape (SERE)
training program. But those techniques were meant to prepare U.S. soldiers for abuse they might suffer if captured by a
brutal regime, not as methods for U.S. interrogations.
One of the architects behind the Aug. 1, 2002 memo is Michael Chertoff, the director of the Department of Homeland
Security.
In the summer of 2002, Chertoff, then head of the Justice Department’s Criminal Division, offered assurances to the CIA
that its interrogators would not face prosecution under anti-torture laws if they followed guidelines on aggressive
techniques approved by the Department’s Office of Legal Counsel, where Yoo worked.
Those guidelines stretched the rules on permissible treatment of detainees by narrowly defining torture as intense pain
equivalent to organ failure or death. Specific interrogation techniques were gleaned from a list of methods that the
U.S. military feared might be used against American soldiers if a ruthless enemy captured them.
Three years ago, when Chertoff was facing confirmation hearings to be Homeland Security chief, the New York Times cited
three senior-level government sources as describing Chertoff’s Criminal Division as fielding questions from the CIA
about whether its officers risked prosecution if they employed certain harsh techniques.
“One technique the CIA officers could use under circumstances without fear of prosecution was strapping a subject down
and making him experience a feeling of drowning,” according to the Jan. 29, 2005 Times article.
In other words, Chertoff appears to have green-lighted the technique known as “waterboarding,” which has been regarded
as torture since the days of the Spanish Inquisition.
Chertoff reportedly did object to some other procedures, such as death threats against family members and mind-altering
drugs that would change a detainee’s personality, the Times reported
During his Senate confirmation hearings in February 2005, Chertoff denied providing the CIA with legal guidance on the
use of specific interrogation methods, such as waterboarding. Rather, he said he gave the agency broad guidance in
response to questions about interrogation methods.
"You are dealing in an area where there is potential criminality," Chertoff said in describing his advice to the CIA.
"You better be very careful to make sure that whatever you decide to do falls well within what is required by law."
The ACLU also obtained two other documents from the Justice Department’s Office of Legal Counsel revolving around the
CIA’s interrogation methods.
A Jan. 28, 2003 memo shows that the OLC gave CIA interrogators legal cover to use torture practices known as "enhanced
interrogation techniques." The memo also says that, for each session in which these techniques were used, the CIA
documented, among other things, "the nature and duration of each such technique employed" and "the identities of those
present."
The undated 2004 memo shows that CIA interrogators were assured that certain interrogation methods, such as “the
waterboard,” did not constitute torture and could be used during interrogations. The document also warned, however, that
using enhanced interrogation methods could ultimately be subject to judicial review.
“While the documents released today do provide more information about the development and implementation of the Bush
administration's torture policies, even a cursory glance at the documents shows that the administration continues to use
'national security' as a shield to protect government officials from embarrassment, criticism and possible criminal
prosecution," said Jameel Jaffer, Director of the ACLU National Security Project. "Far too much information is still
being withheld.”
“These documents supply further evidence, if any were needed, that the Justice Department authorized the CIA to torture
prisoners in its custody," Jaffer added. "The Justice Department twisted the law, and in some cases ignored it
altogether, in order to permit interrogators to use barbaric methods that the U.S. once prosecuted as war crimes.”
In June, House Democrats sent a letter to Attorney General Michael Mukasey Friday requesting that he appoint a special
prosecutor to investigate whether White House officials, including President Bush, violated the War Crimes Act for
allowing enhanced interrogation techniques to be used against suspected terrorists.
The letter, signed by 56 Congressional lawmakers, including House Judiciary Committee Chairman John Conyers, who held a
series of hearings this month revolving around the Bush administration’s interrogation policies
“We believe that these events alone warrant action, but within the last month additional information has surfaced that
suggests the fact that not only did top administration officials meet in the White House and approve of the use of
enhanced techniques including waterboarding against detainees, but that President Bush was aware of, and approved of the
meetings taking place,” the letter, dated June 6, says. The Justice Department is reviewing the letter, a spokesman
said.
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Jason Leopold launched a new online investigative news magazine, The Public Record.