Feed People, Not Cars: We Need a Moratorium on Agrofuels
With biofuels being touted as our best great hope to undo climate change, it would be easy to ask yourself, “What’s not
to like?” Biofuels, proponents claim, will counter our global dependence on fossil fuels and help curb carbon emissions.
But this “greening” of our energy sources is not all that green. A growing group of human rights and environmental
activists point to the dangers that biofuels pose to environmental sustainability and the livelihoods of communities
around the world, and call for a major shift: a moratorium on biofuels.
Most of the policies being put forward envision substituting biofuels for fossil fuels without reducing our overall
consumption of energy. These proposals are backed by agribusiness, biotech companies, and oil interests that are now
investing billions in ethanol and biodiesel plants, plantations of soy, corn, sugarcane, and palm oil, as well as
genetically engineered trees and microbes for future supplies of cellulosic ethanol.
The prefix “bio” suggests that “biofuels” are natural, renewable, and safe—an appealing thought to those concerned with
the toxic and unsustainable use of fossil fuels. But agrofuels (as they are known in Latin America) are not easily
renewable because the Earth’s landmass is itself a finite resource. To produce even seven percent of the energy that the
US currently gets from petroleum would require converting the country’s entire corn crop to ethanol.
If we don’t reduce the demand for energy by consuming less, we risk a scenario in which most of the Earth’s arable land
will be dedicated to growing “fuel crops” instead of food crops. People concerned about this danger use the term
agrofuels to highlight the impact that biofuels have on the world’s food supply. Growing agrofuels on a mass scale is
already jacking up food prices, depleting soil and water supplies, destroying forests, and violating the rights of
Indigenous and local people in areas newly designated as “biofuel plantations.” Agrofuels are a false solution to
climate change because they:
Violate Land Rights: Agrofuel plantations in Brazil and Southeast Asia are being created on the territories of Indigenous Peoples who have
traditionally lived in and protected these ecosystems. Indigenous Peoples and local subsistence farmers—most of whom are
women—are being displaced. People are being forced to give up their land, way of life, and food self-sufficiency to grow
fuel crops for export. Often, plantation workers face abuse, harsh working conditions, and exposure to toxic pesticides.
In Brazil, some soy farms rely on debt peonage workers—essentially modern-day slaves.
Worsen Hunger: Agrofuel expansion threatens to divert the world’s grain supply from food to fuel. We know that when economic demand
increases, costs rise. That means staple foods like corn will become more expensive. Already in June 2007, the United
Nations reported that, “soaring demand for biofuels is contributing to a rise in global food import costs.” The
principle of supply and demand also means that less people will grow food because “fuel crops” will be worth more.
Already, small-scale farmers in Colombia, Rwanda, and Guatemala feel compelled by global trade rules to grow luxury
crops such as flowers and coffee for export while their families go hungry. Given the amount of land that would be
required to “grow” enough fuel to maintain the global economy, the threat of worsening hunger and land rights abuses is
grave. According to the Rainforest Action Network, the crops required to make enough biofuel to fill a 25-gallon SUV
tank could feed one person for a year.
Worsen Global Warming: Agrofuels don’t necessarily reduce the greenhouse gas emissions that cause global warming—especially if they are
produced in unsustainable ways. For example, currently, the most common method of turning palm oil into fuel produces
more carbon dioxide emissions than refining petroleum. Agrofuel production has made Indonesia (where 40 percent of the
population does not have electricity) the third-largest emitter of greenhouse gases in the world.
Worsen Deforestation and Threaten Biodiversity: Corporate plans for expanding biofuel production involve destroying forests and other ecosystems to create massive
plantations that rely on chemical fertilizers and toxic pesticides to maximize production. Monoculture (single crop)
plantations of soy and palm oil are being established in the rain forests and grasslands of Asia and South America,
threatening some of the most biodiverse ecosystems on Earth. Clear-cutting forests to plant agrofuels also adds to
warming by eliminating carbon-absorbing forests.
Why is Energy a Women’s Issue? In most of the Global South, women are responsible for collecting household fuel for cooking, lighting, and other
family needs. Most of this energy is derived from natural resources such as wood, charcoal, or dung. When fuel is made
scarce—for example, by deforestation or drought—women’s and girls’ workloads increase sharply. In some communities,
women spend many hours a day collecting fuel.
So What’s the Alternative? Jean Ziegler, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the right to food has called for a five-year ban on agrofuel
expansion. A moratorium on the conversion of land for agrofuel production should be accompanied by the development of
new energy technologies that do not compromise global food security.
We need sustainable solutions to climate change, not corporate solutions that seek to simply shift our energy addiction
from one resource to another. We need to consume less, not just differently, and steer clear of solutions that would
expand the reach—and all the pitfalls—of industrialized agriculture. Creative and practical solutions for meeting our
energy requirements—including some local, sustainable biofuel programs—are being developed around the world. We can
support proposals for developing sustainable renewable energy sources, while recognizing the need to reduce overall
consumption and protect human rights—including everyone’s basic right to food.
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By Yifat Susskind, MADRE Communications Director. MADRE is an international women’s human rights organization. More
information about MADRE’s Food for Life Campaign can be found here: http://madre.org/programs/inter/foodforlife.html.