The Night Sky - Brian Carter*
Carter Observatory - The National Observatory Of New Zealand
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The December Night Sky
December is the month of the shortest nights for looking at the stars, but gives more time for daytime activities.
Planets
December is a good month for viewing the planets. Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn will be visible for the whole of the
month, and Mercury for all but the first few days of the month.
Venus can be seen in the evening sky. December is the last full month that it will be seen in the evening sky before
January 2007. At the start of the month it sets at 23:57 and by the end at 21:59. Venus starts the month in the
constellation of Sagittarius, moving into Capricornus on December 14. At the start of the month its magnitude is –4.6,
peaking at –4.7 (it’s brightest for the year) on December 12 and then fading to –4.5 by month’s end.
Mars will be visible for the first three quarters of the night. At the start of the night it sets at 04:16 and at 02:19
by month’s end. Mars is in the constellation of Aries, in which it remains until 2006 February. Its magnitude fades from
–1.6 to –0.6 during December.
Saturn will be visible for the last two thirds of the night. At the start of December it rises at 00:41 and at 22:36 by
month’s end. Saturn is in the constellation of Cancer, in which it remains until September 2006. Its magnitude slightly
brightens from 0.2 to –0.1 during the month.
Jupiter will be visible for the last quarter of the night. At the start of the month it rises at 04:15 and by month’s
end at 02:32. Jupiter is in the constellation of Libra, in which it remains until December 2006. Its magnitude slightly
increases from –1.7 to –1.8 during the month.
Mercury will be visible in the morning twilight for all but the first few days of December. At the start of the month it
rises at 05:13 (30 minutes before Sunrise) and at 04:44 by month’s end. Mercury starts the month in the constellation of
Libra, moving into Scorpius on December 15 and finally into Ophiuchus on December 19. Its magnitude rapidly rises from
1.3 to –0.5 by month’s end.
All times are for Wellington unless otherwise stated. Other centres may vary by a few minutes.
Phases of the Moon
New Moon – December 2 at 04:01
First Quarter – December 8 at 22:36
Full Moon – December 16 at 05:15
Last Quarter – December 24 at 08:36
New Moon – December 31 at 16:12
Summer Solstice
The Summer Solstice is at 07:35 on December 22. This is when the Sun is at its most Southerly point in the sky and
therefore reaches its maximum altitude for the year at the middle of the day.
Mathematically, the longest day is December 22 and the shortest night is December 21/22. We say mathematically, as the
days and nights are longest or shortest by only a few seconds, whereas actual Sunrise and Sunset times can vary by 3 or
4 minutes with the calculated times, due to atmospheric conditions.
After December 22 the length of the day will slowly shorten, although this will hardly be noticed for several weeks.
Diary of Astronomical Phenomena
Dec 2 New Moon at 04:01
4 Mercury stationary against the background stars at 14:00, as its motion changes from a Westerly to an Easterly
direction.
5 Moon at perigee (closest to the Earth) at 18:00. (Distance = 0.0024557 AU = 367,370 km).
9 Venus at its greatest brilliance for the year in the evening.
11 Mars stationary against the background stars at 12:00, as its motion changes from a Westerly to an Easterly
direction.
13 Mercury at greatest Westerly elongation from the Sun (21) at 02:00.
16 Full Moon at 05:15.
19 Saturn close to the Moon as they both rise about 23:30.
20 & 21 Mercury close to Antares in the morning twilight. Antares (alpha Scorpius) is a red supergiant at a distance of
~400 light years.
21 Moon at apogee (furthest from the Earth) at 16:00 (Distance = 0.0027074 AU = 405,020 km).
22 Summer Solstice at 07:35.
23 Venus stationary against the background stars at 18:00, as its motion changes from an Easterly to a Westerly
direction.
26 Spica very close to the Moon at 03:00. Spica (alpha Virgo) is at a distance of ~260 light years.
31 New Moon at 16:12.
DECEMBER SKY CHART
This chart shows the sky as it appears at about 22:00 for December.
Click for big version
How To Use the Sky Charts
To use the sky chart hold it up to the sky so that the direction in which you are looking is at the lower edge of the
map. For example, if you are looking at the western horizon then the map should be held so that the “WEST” label is at
the lower edge. The altitude and direction of the stars and planets will then be correctly shown. The centre of the
chart will be directly overhead.
ENDS